Abstract is: Cathemerality, sometimes called metaturnality, is an organismal activity pattern of irregular intervals during the day or night in which food is acquired, socializing with other organisms occurs, and any other activities necessary for livelihood are undertaken. This activity differs from the generally monophasic pattern (sleeping once per day) of nocturnal and diurnal species as it is polyphasic (sleeping 4-6 times per day) and is approximately evenly distributed throughout the 24-hour cycle. Many animals do not fit the traditional definitions of being strictly nocturnal, diurnal, or crepuscular, often driven by factors that include the availability of food, predation pressure, and variable ambient temperature. Although cathemerality is not as widely observed in individual species as diurnality or nocturnality, this activity pattern is seen across the mammal taxa, such as in lions, coyotes, and lemurs. Cathemeral behaviour can also vary on a seasonal basis over an annual period by exhibiting periods of predominantly nocturnal behaviour and exhibiting periods of predominantly diurnal behaviour. For example, seasonal cathemerality has been described for the mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz) as activity that shifts from being predominantly diurnal to being predominantly nocturnal over a yearly cycle, but the common brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus) have been observed as seasonally shifting from diurnal activity to cathemerality. As research on cathemerality continues, many factors that have been identified as influencing whether or why an animal behaves cathemerally. Such factors include resource variation, food quality, photoperiodism, nocturnal luminosity, temperature, predator avoidance, and energetic constraints.
animal behaviour | Q2990593 |
Q115914458 | Boneshark |
Q115861086 | Cuddlefish |
Q115766964 | Ghost Leviathan |
Q115760244 | Reaper Leviathan |
Q115856840 | Reefback Leviathan |
Q116025345 | Sand Shark |
Q2822601 | Acanthosaura cardamomensis |
Q49434009 | Acris crepitans crepitans |
Q948964 | Adenomera andreae |
Q2241097 | Adenomera hylaedactyla |
Q654718 | African clawed frog |
Q1248772 | Agkistrodon contortrix |
Q3013374 | Alfred's Blind Skink |
Q105078858 | Alpiscaptulus medogensis |
Q2840211 | Alsophylax szczerbaki |
Q40991588 | Alticola worthingtoni subluteus |
Q2711067 | Amastridium veliferum |
Q208004 | American Flamingo |
Q575471 | Amietophrynus regularis |
Q2698185 | Amolops torrentis |
Q2245454 | Anchieta's ridged frog |
Q603183 | Anderson's shrew mole |
Q1974036 | Anelytropsis papillosus |
Q14325463 | Anguis veronensis |
Q834371 | Anilius scytale |
Q2237380 | Ansonia longidigita |
Q746008 | Arakan forest turtle |
Q725276 | Aramus guarauna |
Q832379 | Arctocephalus forsteri |
Q41526238 | Arctopithecus flaccidus |
Q27016 | Arvicola amphibius |
Q40981638 | Arvicola tenebricus |
Q1816126 | Asaccus |
Q11838828 | Asaccus andersoni |
Q60793191 | Asaccus arnoldi |
Q11838827 | Asaccus barani |
Q2866270 | Asaccus caudivolvulus |
Q2866269 | Asaccus elisae |
Q2866268 | Asaccus gallagheri |
Q60793194 | Asaccus gardneri |
Q11838829 | Asaccus granularis |
Q2866271 | Asaccus griseonotus |
Q11838826 | Asaccus iranicus |
Q2866273 | Asaccus kermanshahensis |
Q5079992 | Asaccus kurdistanensis |
Q60768988 | Asaccus margaritae |
Q2866274 | Asaccus montanus |
Q2866275 | Asaccus nasrullahi |
Q387010 | Asaccus platyrhynchus |
Q11838830 | Asaccus saffinae |
Q11838824 | Asaccus tangestanensis |
Q11838825 | Asaccus zagrosicus |
Q1205117 | Asiatic toad |
Q28027689 | Atelopus minutus |
Q2868957 | Ateuchosaurus chinensis |
Q372169 | Axis porcinus |
Q132922 | Bactrian camel |
Q41162832 | Balaena lalandii |
Q2884613 | Barkudia melanosticta |
Q803927 | Berardius bairdii |
Q752461 | Black-bellied Whistling Duck |
Q600319 | Black-footed Albatross |
Q1906239 | Blaesodactylus |
Q2905660 | Blaesodactylus ambonihazo |
Q2905667 | Blaesodactylus antongilensis |
Q2905664 | Blaesodactylus boivini |
Q21011710 | Blaesodactylus microtuberculatus |
Q2905669 | Blaesodactylus sakalava |
Q25359625 | Blaesodactylus victori |
Q636590 | Blainville's beaked whale |
Q185526 | Blanding's turtle |
Q2210860 | Boettger's dainty frog |
Q4944780 | Boreal toad |
Q26547 | Bos mutus |
Q1497037 | Botta's pocket gopher |
Q1981316 | Bronzeback Snake-lizard |
Q869386 | Budorcas taxicolor whitei |
Q112614192 | Budorcas xizangus |
Q2699099 | Buergeria oxycephala |
Q28932731 | Bufo maculatus |
Q5088325 | Bunopus blanfordii |
Q2928256 | Bunopus tuberculatus |
Q2237167 | Bush squeaker |
Q2415856 | Calodactylodes |
Q339933 | Calodactylodes aureus |
Q2401077 | Calodactylodes illingworthorum |
Q61886589 | Caretta caretta gigas |
Q457742 | Carettochelys insculpta |
Q5060377 | Central Asian red deer |
Q112614177 | Cervus cadensis/elaphus |
Q1092124 | Chalcides chalcides |
Q1470322 | Chalcides ocellatus |
Q1458979 | Checkered garter snake |
Q199458 | Chelonia mydas |
Q1762968 | Chinese highland shrew |
Q1767402 | Chinese shrew mole |
Q1768066 | Chiriqui pocket gopher |
Q2122008 | Clelia clelia |
Q16650816 | Cnemaspis bidongensis |
Q2980820 | Cnemaspis biocellata |
Q2980830 | Cnemaspis chanthaburiensis |
Q2980834 | Cnemaspis flavigaster |
Q2980847 | Cnemaspis heteropholis |
Q2980850 | Cnemaspis indica |
Q2980853 | Cnemaspis jerdonii |
Q2980865 | Cnemaspis mcguirei |
Q2980878 | Cnemaspis narathiwatensis |
Q2980897 | Cnemaspis pseudomcguirei |
Q16652904 | Cnemaspis selamatkanmerapoh |
Q2980912 | Cnemaspis shahruli |
Q2980916 | Cnemaspis siamensis |
Q2980921 | Cnemaspis tucdupensis |
Q2321476 | Coastal taipan |
Q2381154 | Collett's snake |
Q1615547 | Common night adder |
Q48790151 | Corythosaurus casuarius |
Q49440442 | Cratogeomys fumosus tylorhinus |
Q854864 | Crotalus durissus |
Q2243502 | Crowned Bullfrog |
Q3006571 | Ctenotus pantherinus |
Q2238222 | Cycloramphus boraceiensis |
Q3009262 | Cyrtodactylus erythrops |
Q3009424 | Cyrtopodion agamuroides |
Q3009444 | Cyrtopodion indusoani |
Q3009448 | Cyrtopodion kirmanense |
Q27885083 | Cyrtopodion kotschyi |
Q3009465 | Cyrtopodion rhodocauda |
Q26848926 | Cyrtopodion russowii |
Q3009478 | Cyrtopodion watsoni |
Q1072424 | Dark-spotted frog |
Q1763373 | Desert pocket gopher |
Q3026456 | Dibamus booliati |
Q3026460 | Dibamus bourreti |
Q2275599 | Dibamus dalaiensis |
Q3026465 | Dibamus deharvengi |
Q3026468 | Dibamus greeri |
Q3026475 | Dibamus montanus |
Q3026477 | Dibamus novaeguineae |
Q3012468 | Dibamus smithi |
Q5085158 | Dibamus somsaki |
Q905956 | Diplodocus longus |
Q2238311 | Edalorhina perezi |
Q207906 | Elaphurus davidianus |
Q19689687 | Eleutherodactylus acuminatus |
Q112614196 | Emorhedus baileyi |
Q15232925 | Eothenomys eleusis |
Q40994259 | Eothenomys fidelis |
Q99194664 | Eothenomys hintoni |
Q69884386 | Eothenomys luojishanensis |
Q69991254 | Eothenomys meiguensis |
Q70066830 | Eothenomys shimianensis |
Q99194665 | Eothenomys tarquinius |
Q27742 | Equus ferus |
Q26644764 | Equus ferus caballus |
Q112614137 | Erigthus barbatus |
Q3312830 | Euleptes |
Q1142854 | Eurasian least shrew |
Q29995 | Eurasian otter |
Q244372 | Eurasian pygmy shrew |
Q27461 | European Storm Petrel |
Q1768872 | Euroscaptor grandis |
Q1765425 | Euroscaptor longirostris |
Q1770493 | Euroscaptor micrura |
Q598432 | Euroscaptor parvidens |
Q5414598 | Eutropis allapallensis |
Q3006434 | Eutropis dissimilis |
Q1418780 | Fea's muntjac |
Q2249372 | Fejervarya multistriata |
Q1766534 | Flat-skulled shrew |
Q2573099 | Flat-tailed House Gecko |
Q1767220 | Forrest's Mountain Vole |
Q2717987 | Fowlea piscator |
Q1761256 | Gansu shrew |
Q305819 | Ganzu vole |
Q20718134 | Garudimimus brevipes |
Q3006675 | Geckoella jeyporensis |
Q14540720 | Gekko adleri |
Q674429 | Gekko petricolus |
Q2698533 | Gephyromantis luteus |
Q2698747 | Gephyromantis pseudoasper |
Q207058 | Gila monster |
Q2070145 | Gongshan muntjac |
Q1764388 | Gracile shrew mole |
Q333796 | Great Blue Heron |
Q2670022 | Green puddle frog |
Q308782 | Gyldenstolpe's Worm Skink |
Q2211244 | Hamptophryne Bolivien |
Q26913 | Harbour Seal |
Q27027 | Harbour porpoise |
Q3130012 | Hemiaspis signata |
Q3458359 | Hemidactylus flaviviridis |
Q3016790 | Hemidactylus stejnegeri |
Q20718404 | Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis |
Q44298978 | Hydrophis schistosus |
Q698122 | Hylarana taipehensis |
Q1071372 | Iberian Frog |
Q1508891 | Ili pika |
Q192754 | Indian cobra |
Q1763423 | Inquisitive shrew mole |
Q3155595 | Isopachys anguinoides |
Q3155596 | Isopachys borealis |
Q3155597 | Isopachys roulei |
Q733704 | Japanese Tree Frog |
Q1099975 | Japanese mole |
Q1276101 | Jarujinia bipedalis |
Q2274204 | Kajika frog |
Q1761213 | Kashmir pygmy shrew |
Q193337 | Kea |
Q536664 | King brown snake |
Q305844 | Kolan vole |
Q1767159 | Kozlov's shrew |
Q978156 | Lacustrine vole |
Q2661249 | Large mole |
Q922292 | Large-spotted civet |
Q873603 | Laxmann's Shrew |
Q908454 | Leaf muntjac |
Q282385 | Lepidochelys olivacea |
Q3230091 | Leptoseps osellai |
Q3230090 | Leptoseps poilani |
Q3011401 | Leschenault's Leaf-toed Gecko |
Q956530 | Lesser striped shrew |
Q3025303 | Lialis |
Q781959 | Lialis burtonis |
Q6451693 | Lialis jicari |
Q28061321 | Liuixalus ocellatus |
Q1763026 | Long-clawed Shrew |
Q786314 | Long-tailed Mole |
Q2384605 | Lowland copperhead |
Q40520290 | Loxodonta africana race |
Q918123 | Macrovipera lebetina |
Q3286627 | Mantheyus phuwuanensis |
Q983768 | Marbled newt |
Q1994247 | Marbled snout-burrower |
Q839366 | Masked Lapwing |
Q1761791 | Maximowicz's vole |
Q1766840 | Mediodactylus russowii |
Q3020687 | Microhyla berdmorei |
Q3020622 | Microhyla heymonsi |
Q41084981 | Mogera latouchei |
Q186275 | Morelia amethistina |
Q190195 | Morelia bredli |
Q1541179 | Morelia carinata |
Q783194 | Morelia kinghorni |
Q1567030 | Morelia oenpelliensis |
Q3016085 | Morelia spilota metcalfei |
Q46144 | Mustela kathiah |
Q2705074 | Müller's platanna |
Q548541 | Narrow-Headed Vole |
Q97126612 | Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis |
Q31074722 | Neodon nyalamensis |
Q112614222 | Neophocae asiaeorientalis |
Q26896 | Northern Fulmar |
Q2163958 | Northern Water Snake |
Q819985 | Norway lemming |
Q1520949 | Notechis scutatus |
Q209750 | Notoryctes typhlops |
Q112614457 | Ochoto alpi |
Q112614458 | Ochoto cansus |
Q112614459 | Ochoto chinensis |
Q112614460 | Ochoto corea |
Q112614463 | Ochoto curzoniae |
Q112614470 | Ochoto forresti |
Q112614468 | Ochoto gloveri |
Q112614472 | Ochoto huanglongensis |
Q112614474 | Ochoto hyperborea |
Q112614477 | Ochoto koslowi |
Q112614484 | Ochoto nubrica |
Q112614486 | Ochoto pallasii |
Q112614490 | Ochoto roylei/roylii |
Q112614491 | Ochoto rutila |
Q112614492 | Ochoto sacraria |
Q112614493 | Ochoto sikimaria |
Q112614494 | Ochoto syrinx |
Q112614495 | Ochoto thibeta |
Q112614496 | Ochoto thomasi |
Q112614497 | Ochoto xunhuaensis |
Q112614498 | Ochoto yarlungensis |
Q40994 | Odobenus rosmarus |
Q1611645 | Odorrana exiliversabilis |
Q7097916 | Ophidiocephalus |
Q3014553 | Ophiomorus raithmai |
Q2408198 | Ophiomorus tridactylus |
Q1036963 | Ophiosaurus gracilis |
Q2244589 | Paa rostandi |
Q2705737 | Pacific gopher snake |
Q112614179 | Panolia siamensis |
Q3363517 | Paramesotriton yunwuensis |
Q49440958 | Pecos River Muskrat |
Q10627486 | Philophyllia ingens |
Q2243393 | Phrynobatrachus mababiensis |
Q41167094 | Phyllodactylus europaeus |
Q260018 | Platanista minor |
Q23901966 | Plateosaurus longiceps |
Q305094 | Pratt's Vole |
Q634319 | Pristimantis altamazonicus |
Q4459439 | Pristimantis ockendeni |
Q3062040 | Pristurus carteri |
Q3404194 | Pristurus collaris |
Q3404211 | Pristurus minimus |
Q2571160 | Proedromys liangshanensis |
Q20719138 | Proterosuchus fergusi |
Q20719142 | Protoceratops andrewsi |
Q2716439 | Psammodynastes pulverulentus |
Q3008162 | Pseudechis butleri |
Q285343 | Pseudis paradoxa |
Q3409787 | Pseudonaja modesta |
Q20719167 | Psittacosaurus mongoliensis |
Q603847 | Ptychadena porosissima |
Q1037142 | Ptyctolaemus gularis |
Q2905267 | Ptyodactylus guttatus |
Q2713717 | Ptyodactylus hasselquistii |
Q943830 | Pygmy beaked whale |
Q1762863 | Pygmy brown-toothed shrew |
Q305848 | Père David's Vole |
Q954508 | Quasipaa spinosa |
Q44324 | Rana arvalis |
Q26830386 | Rana palmipes |
Q469979 | Rana palustris |
Q26830590 | Rana pipiens |
Q50407510 | Rana ridibunda |
Q2246045 | Red-Tailed Knobby Newt |
Q620783 | Reed vole |
Q695973 | Reeves's muntjac |
Q4678723 | Rhacophorus kio |
Q28036493 | Rhombophryne psologlossa |
Q59812 | Rio Grande Leopard Frog |
Q20719230 | Riojasaurus incertus |
Q2212262 | Round-tongued floating frog |
Q2274028 | Salmon-striped frog |
Q2210071 | Sapito Listado |
Q20719264 | Saurolophus osborni |
Q1493677 | Scapanulus oweni |
Q590322 | Scaptochirus moschatus |
Q2713066 | Scarthyla goinorum |
Q428329 | Scinax garbei |
Q629033 | Scinax ruber |
Q620576 | Scincus scincus |
Q1870466 | Senticolis triaspis |
Q1762750 | Siberian Large-toothed Shrew |
Q2713753 | Sibynophis subpunctatus |
Q1764961 | Sikkim mountain vole |
Q302881 | Silvery mole rat |
Q131267 | Sinornithosaurus |
Q3485045 | Sinornithosaurus haoiana |
Q20722224 | Sinornithosaurus millenii |
Q1766554 | Social vole |
Q112613842 | Sorex silis |
Q533451 | Southern red muntjac |
Q5762455 | Southern white rhinoceros |
Q305841 | Southwest China Vole |
Q3729889 | Sphenops sepsoides |
Q135839 | Staurois latopalmatus |
Q431981 | Steller's sea lion |
Q29220 | Sumatran rhinoceros |
Q1383978 | Taiga Shrew |
Q716249 | Taiwan vole |
Q901720 | Tarentola mauritanica |
Q3009433 | Tenuidactylus caspius |
Q2366316 | Tenuidactylus fedtschenkoi |
Q3009458 | Tenuidactylus longipes |
Q1770008 | Tien Shan Shrew |
Q1769908 | Tien Shan vole |
Q5124418 | Trachylepis brevicollis |
Q910093 | Tropical bottlenose whale |
Q1191921 | Tropidophorus assamensis |
Q3540703 | Tropidophorus hainanus |
Q6450410 | Tropidophorus laotus |
Q5121890 | Tropidophorus microlepis |
Q3540772 | Tropiocolotes scortecci |
Q1499194 | Tylototriton verrucosus |
Q124410 | Ursus thibetanus |
Q1761923 | Ussuri Shrew |
Q911149 | Varanus dumerilii |
Q2243136 | Verrucous Digging Frog |
Q1761252 | Ward's Red-backed Vole |
Q40261 | West Indian manatee |
Q2713992 | Western Brown Snake |
Q3021047 | Western ground snake |
Q2565456 | Western ribbon snake |
Q429339 | White-fronted Plover |
Q2443563 | Williamson's mouse-deer |
Q990175 | Wood Stork |
Q1762280 | Yunnan red-backed vole |
Q110220760 | Zhangixalus lishuiensis |
Q112631780 | Zhangixalus minimus |
Q2697746 | beauty rat snake |
Q741516 | collared peccary |
Q174199 | common bottlenose dolphin |
Q112614197 | emorhedus baileyi |
Q179154 | gray whale |
Q120043 | leatherback sea turtle |
Q503813 | mountain beaver |
Q7966 | northern fur seal |
Q180960 | onager |
Q187943 | pronghorn |
Q244300 | pygmy sperm whale |
Q1764913 | tundra shrew |
Q703702 | tundra vole |
Q1274350 | white-tailed mole |
Q18498 | wolf |
Kathemeral | wikipedia | |
Cathemerality | wikipedia | |
Persian (fa / Q9168) | فراگردشی | wikipedia |
Cathéméral | wikipedia | |
gl | Catemeral | wikipedia |
Catemeralidade | wikipedia |
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