scholarly article | Q13442814 |
P356 | DOI | 10.1086/282461 |
P2093 | author name string | George C. Williams | |
P433 | issue | 916 | |
P304 | page(s) | 687-690 | |
P577 | publication date | 1966-11-01 | |
P1433 | published in | The American Naturalist | Q3085258 |
P1476 | title | Natural Selection, the Costs of Reproduction, and a Refinement of Lack's Principle | |
P478 | volume | 100 |
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Q57266150 | A cost of maternal care in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus? |
Q59092321 | A cost of mating in female fruitflies |
Q43752946 | A cost of reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster: stress susceptibility |
Q90641322 | A negative association between horn length and survival in a weakly dimorphic ungulate |
Q40547462 | A phallus for free? Quantitative genetics of sexual trade-offs in the snail Bulinus truncatus |
Q99952954 | A review of the reproductive bionomics of aquatic gammaridean amphipods: variation of life history traits with latitude, depth, salinity and superfamily |
Q58488419 | A standardized approach to estimate life history tradeoffs in evolutionary ecology |
Q30844450 | A test of male infanticide as a reproductive tactic in a cichlid fish |
Q35129061 | A tradeoff between immunocompetence and sexual ornamentation in domestic fowl |
Q44785883 | A two-resource model of terminal investment |
Q59087424 | Acceleration of senescence in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis by reproductive costs |
Q34999665 | Access to resources shapes maternal decision making: evidence from a factorial vignette experiment |
Q39823690 | Adaptation, constraint, and compromise in avian postnatal development |
Q33797621 | Adaptive and non-adaptive models of depression: A comparison using register data on antidepressant medication during divorce |
Q40972565 | Age and reproduction in birds - hypotheses and tests |
Q39109845 | Age and sex-selective predation moderate the overall impact of predators |
Q46161144 | Age at menarche and parity are independently associated with Anti-Müllerian hormone, a marker of ovarian reserve, in Filipino young adult women |
Q47699643 | Age at reproductive debut: Developmental predictors and consequences for lactation, infant mass, and subsequent reproduction in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). |
Q50130047 | Age, state, environment, and season dependence of senescence in body mass. |
Q56506204 | Age-Related Male Reproductive Investment in Courtship Display and Nuptial Gifts in a Moth,Ostrinia scapulalis |
Q58478892 | Age-dependent relationship between horn growth and survival in wild sheep |
Q38943534 | Age-dependent trajectories differ between within-pair and extra-pair paternity success. |
Q51104973 | Age-related change in breeding performance in early life is associated with an increase in competence in the migratory barn swallow Hirundo rustica. |
Q63975787 | Age-related decline in humoral immune function in Collared Flycatchers |
Q51444122 | Age-specific breeding success in a wild mammalian population: selection, constraint, restraint and senescence. |
Q28658791 | Age-specific cost of first reproduction in female southern elephant seals |
Q51649941 | Age-specific reproduction and survival of individually marked Wood Thrushes, Hylocichla mustelina. |
Q39067846 | Age-specific reproductive success and cost in female Alpine ibex |
Q45293661 | Age-specific reproductive success: evidence for the selection hypothesis |
Q35574777 | Ageing and reproduction: antioxidant supplementation alleviates telomere loss in wild birds. |
Q34505030 | Aging in personal and social immunity: do immune traits senesce at the same rate? |
Q91791706 | All or nothing: Switch to high current reproductive investment under risk of starvation in male kelp crab |
Q24654200 | Amino-acid imbalance explains extension of lifespan by dietary restriction in Drosophila |
Q37058133 | Amphibians with infectious disease increase their reproductive effort: evidence for the terminal investment hypothesis |
Q57233936 | An Experimental Study of Chick Provisioning in the Cooperatively Breeding Acorn Woodpecker |
Q30740524 | An experimental heat wave changes immune defense and life history traits in a freshwater snail. |
Q60331565 | An experimental study of mating competition in monogamous and polyandrous dunnocks, Prunella modularis : I. Mate guarding and copulations |
Q26786045 | An ontogenetic perspective on individual differences |
Q38632967 | Ant queens increase their reproductive efforts after pathogen infection. |
Q30328286 | Are ecological and evolutionary theories scientific? |
Q46525906 | Are hotshots always hot? A longitudinal study of hormones, behavior, and reproductive success in male marine iguanas |
Q30692254 | Are stepparents always evil? Parental death, remarriage, and child survival in demographically saturated Krummhörn (1720-1859) and expanding Québec (1670-1750). |
Q37199545 | Artificial selection reveals the energetic expense of producing larger eggs |
Q96434565 | Artificial selection reveals the role of transcriptional constraints in the maintenance of life history variation |
Q58565233 | Asexual reproduction and growth rate: independent and plastic life history traits in Neurospora crassa |
Q53933380 | Assessing the Cost of Mounting an Immune Response |
Q38417250 | Asynchronous hatching in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus quadripunctatus, maxmizes parental fitness |
Q36386954 | BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE MARSUPIAL-PLACENTAL DICHOTOMY: A REPLY TO LILLEGRAVEN. |
Q57190899 | BREEDING DISPERSAL IN FEMALE NORTH AMERICAN RED SQUIRRELS |
Q27026735 | Behavioral Immunity in Insects |
Q28607025 | Behaviour in captivity predicts some aspects of natural behaviour, but not others, in a wild cricket population |
Q51175177 | Behavioural mediators of genetic life-history trade-offs: a test of the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis in field crickets. |
Q36920839 | Better Together: Association With 'Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus' Increases the Reproductive Fitness of Its Insect Vector, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). |
Q54858686 | Better the devil you know: common terns stay with a previous partner although pair bond duration does not affect breeding output. |
Q42659643 | Between semelparity and iteroparity: Empirical evidence for a continuum of modes of parity |
Q27329716 | Beyond species recognition: somatic state affects long-distance sex pheromone communication |
Q36504251 | Beyond the evolutionary theory of ageing, from functional genomics to evo-gero |
Q74348431 | Big houses, big cars, superfleas and the costs of reproduction |
Q57063929 | Biological carryover effects: linking common concepts and mechanisms in ecology and evolution |
Q38040664 | Birds do it, bees do it, we do it: contributions of theoretical modelling to understanding the shape of ageing across the tree of life. |
Q28596360 | Body reserves mediate trade-offs between life-history traits: new insights from small pelagic fish reproduction. |
Q33772940 | Breeding chronology and social interactions affect ungulate foraging behavior at a concentrated food resource |
Q34525107 | Breeding experience might be a major determinant of breeding probability in long-lived species: the case of the greater flamingo |
Q38948965 | Breeding phenology and winter activity predict subsequent breeding success in a trans-global migratory seabird |
Q47407586 | Breeding status affects the hormonal and metabolic response to acute stress in a long-lived seabird, the king penguin. |
Q35546212 | Brief communication: Adrenal androgens and aging: Female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) compared with women |
Q62580099 | Brood Size Affects Future Reproduction in a Long-Lived Bird with Precocial Young |
Q40453254 | Brood reduction facilitates female but not offspring survival in the great tit. |
Q46858423 | Brood size manipulations in a spatially and temporally varying environment: male Tengmalm's owls pass increased reproductive costs to offspring |
Q36386824 | CLUTCH SIZE, BREEDING SUCCESS, AND PARENTAL SURVIVAL IN THE TREE SWALLOW (IRIDOPROCNE BICOLOR). |
Q39009698 | COMPONENTS OF FLOWERING TIME VARIATION IN A DESERT ANNUAL. |
Q39465989 | COSTS OF REPRODUCTION IN THE WILD: PATH ANALYSIS OF NATURAL SELECTION AND EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF CAUSATION. |
Q30456118 | Calling, courtship, and condition in the fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus |
Q21090233 | Calories do not explain extension of life span by dietary restriction in Drosophila |
Q38602826 | Can local adaptation explain varying patterns of herbivory tolerance in a recently introduced woody plant in North America? |
Q57920873 | Carer provisioning rules in an obligate cooperative breeder: prey type, size and delivery rate |
Q54966636 | Carotenoid distribution in wild Japanese tree frogs (Hyla japonica) exposed to ionizing radiation in Fukushima. |
Q28646783 | Carry-over body mass effect from winter to breeding in a resident seabird, the little penguin |
Q37631951 | Carry-over effects on the annual cycle of a migratory seabird: an experimental study |
Q35815748 | Cascading costs of reproduction in female house wrens induced to lay larger clutches |
Q47174712 | Circulating breeding and pre-breeding prolactin and LH are not associated with clutch size in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). |
Q47282695 | Climate and body size influence nest survival in a fish with parental care. |
Q30899057 | Climate-dependent costs of reproduction: survival and fecundity costs decline with length of the growing season and summer temperature |
Q31148790 | Climatic conditions produce contrasting influences on demographic traits in a long-distance Arctic migrant. |
Q47329590 | Clutch size and malaria resistance |
Q38795930 | Coadaptation of offspring begging and parental provisioning: A role for prenatal maternal effects? |
Q28743415 | Colloquium paper: how grandmother effects plus individual variation in frailty shape fertility and mortality: guidance from human-chimpanzee comparisons |
Q34249071 | Comparative and meta-analytic insights into life extension via dietary restriction |
Q42011213 | Comparison of reproductive and flight capacity of Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), developing from diapause and non-diapause larvae |
Q64241589 | Compensatory and additive helper effects in the cooperatively breeding Seychelles warbler () |
Q38434784 | Complex interactions among temporal variables affect the plasticity of clutch size in a multi-brooded bird |
Q34323305 | Condition dependent effects on sex allocation and reproductive effort in sequential hermaphrodites |
Q26824275 | Condition-dependent ornaments, life histories, and the evolving architecture of resource-use |
Q59235597 | Consequences of experimental clutch enlargement in a High Arctic single-egg layer, the Little Auk (Alle alle) |
Q57269605 | Consistent individual differences in cooperative behaviour in meerkats (Suricata suricatta) |
Q44394859 | Context-dependent effects of parental effort on malaria infection in a wild bird population, and their role in reproductive trade-offs. |
Q40666480 | Contrasting between- and within-individual trait effects on mortality risk in a long-lived seabird |
Q38730209 | Contrasting drivers of reproductive ageing in albatrosses |
Q27311738 | Contrasting life histories in neighbouring populations of a large mammal |
Q24675037 | Copulation, genital damage and early death in Callosobruchus maculatus |
Q35024910 | Cortisol in mother's milk across lactation reflects maternal life history and predicts infant temperament |
Q34944253 | Cortisol levels and very early pregnancy loss in humans |
Q52745259 | Cost of reproduction in the Queensland fruit fly: Y-model versus lethal protein hypothesis. |
Q36034872 | Costs and Benefits to Pregnant Male Pipefish Caring for Broods of Different Sizes |
Q46592404 | Costs of fear: behavioural and life-history responses to risk and their demographic consequences vary across species |
Q58771479 | Costs of parasites in common eiders: effects of antiparasite treatment |
Q33797869 | Costs of reproduction and terminal investment by females in a semelparous marsupial |
Q36008800 | Costs of reproduction can explain the correlated evolution of semelparity and egg size: theory and a test with salmon |
Q33900472 | Costs of reproduction in a long-lived female primate: injury risk and wound healing |
Q55842270 | Costs of reproduction in introduced female Canadian beavers (Castor canadensis) |
Q63379886 | Cumulative reproductive costs on current reproduction in a wild polytocous mammal |
Q57039653 | Cyclicity and variability in prey dynamics strengthens predator numerical response: the effects of vole fluctuations on white stork productivity |
Q38053133 | Darwin's monkey: why baboons can't become human |
Q46186825 | Daughter dearest: Sex-biased calcium in mother's milk among rhesus macaques |
Q36345051 | Decadal declines in avian herbivore reproduction: density-dependent nutrition and phenological mismatch in the Arctic. |
Q47746564 | Defining fitness in an uncertain world |
Q37945472 | Demographic concepts and research pertaining to the study of wild primate populations |
Q31061578 | Demographic responses to weather fluctuations are context dependent in a long-lived amphibian |
Q56698337 | Demography and population ecology of the Hadeda Ibis (Bostrychia hagedash) at its expanding range edge in South Africa |
Q51526832 | Determinants of age-dependent change in a secondary sexual character. |
Q59154787 | Diel feeding strategy during breeding in male Barn Owls (Tyto alba) |
Q36795168 | Diet mediates the relationship between longevity and reproduction in mammals |
Q52930432 | Different cost of reproduction for the males and females of the rare dioecious shrub Corema conradii (Empetraceae). |
Q51397555 | Differential aging of bite and jump performance in virgin and mated Teleogryllus commodus crickets. |
Q53767832 | Differential allocation of resources underlies the dispersal-reproduction trade-off in the wing-dimorphic cricket, Gryllus rubens. |
Q56386627 | Differential body condition regulation by males and females in response to experimental manipulations of brood size and parental effort in the blue-footed booby |
Q58365727 | Differential infant mortality viewed from an evolutionary biological perspective |
Q37105311 | Disruptive viability selection on a black plumage trait associated with dominance |
Q91155282 | Diurnal variation around an optimum and near-critically high temperature does not alter the performance of an ectothermic aquatic grazer |
Q49561478 | Diversity of age-specific reproductive rates may result from ageing and optimal resource allocation |
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Q35566779 | Does Reproductive Investment Decrease Telomere Length in Menidia menidia? |
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Q40848533 | EFFECTS OF MORTALITY RISK AND GROWTH ON A MODEL OF REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT: WHY THE SHINE AND SCHWARZKOPF MODEL IS NOT GENERAL. |
Q39080168 | EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF PARENTAL CARE IN THE COMMON GRACKLE, QUISCALUS QUISCULA L. |
Q36386646 | EVOLUTIONARY STRATEGIES IN LIZARD REPRODUCTION. |
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Q51801763 | Early life expenditure in sexual competition is associated with increased reproductive senescence in male red deer. |
Q51444314 | Early mortality saves energy: estimating the energetic cost of excess offspring in a seabird. |
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Q33396952 | Effect of a standardised dietary restriction protocol on multiple laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster. |
Q33777791 | Effect of age-based and environment-based cues on reproductive investment in Gambusia affinis |
Q92605409 | Effect of breeding performance on the distribution and activity budgets of a predominantly resident population of black-browed albatrosses |
Q98225982 | Effects of embryo energy, egg size, and larval food supply on the development of asteroid echinoderms |
Q31059311 | Effects of extreme thermal conditions on plasticity in breeding phenology and double-broodedness of Great Tits and Blue Tits in central Poland in 2013 and 2014 |
Q38994516 | Effects of immune challenge on the oviposition strategy of a noctuid moth |
Q52789248 | Effects of polygamy on the activity/rest rhythm of male fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster. |
Q46793033 | Effects of social conditions during adolescence on courtship and aggressive behavior are not abolished by adult social experience |
Q21135450 | Effects of the distribution of female primates on the number of males |
Q53527050 | Egg investment is influenced by male attractiveness in the mallard. |
Q39201911 | Elevated corticosterone levels and severe weather conditions decrease parental investment of incubating Adélie penguins |
Q38889791 | Elevation and latitude interact to drive life-history variation in precocial birds: a comparative analysis using galliformes |
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Q39188945 | Enhanced male coloration after immune challenge increases reproductive potential |
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Q98463562 | Environmental unpredictability shapes glucocorticoid regulation across populations of tree swallows |
Q54362918 | Environmental variation and experience-related differences in the demography of the long-lived black-browed albatross. |
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Q40222594 | Evaluation of reproductive costs for Weddell seals in Erebus Bay, Antarctica |
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Q38802871 | Evidence for long-term change in length, mass and migration phenology of anadromous spawners in French Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. |
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Q44377612 | Evolution of late-life fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster |
Q40753109 | Evolution of passerine incubation behavior: influence of food, temperature, and nest predation. |
Q48082855 | Evolutionary Conflict Between Maternal and Paternal Interests: Integration with Evolutionary Endocrinology |
Q59066474 | Evolutionary biology: Costs of reproduction |
Q52598002 | Evolutionary optimality applied to Drosophila experiments: hypothesis of constrained reproductive efficiency. |
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Q50690607 | Evolutionary responses to harvesting in ungulates. |
Q34214199 | Evolutionary theories of ageing applied to long-lived organisms |
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Q39505466 | Experimental dissociation of individual quality, food and timing of breeding effects on double-brooding in a migratory songbird |
Q51194201 | Experimental evolution of female traits under different levels of intersexual conflict in Drosophila melanogaster. |
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Q50674235 | Female red squirrels fit Williams' hypothesis of increasing reproductive effort with increasing age. |
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Q38609370 | Fitness consequences of peak reproductive effort in a resource pulse system. |
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Q38671976 | Flexibility in the duration of parental care: Female leopards prioritise cub survival over reproductive output. |
Q39909998 | Food availability and predation risk, rather than intrinsic attributes, are the main factors shaping the reproductive decisions of a long-lived predator |
Q84577453 | Food restriction promotes signaling effort in response to social challenge in a short-lived electric fish |
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Q33651104 | Gender separation increases somatic growth in females but does not affect lifespan in Nothobranchius furzeri |
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Q34191727 | Grandmothers and the evolution of human longevity |
Q40072159 | Hair cortisol concentrations correlate negatively with survival in a wild primate population |
Q57234012 | Helping behaviour, reproductive value, and the future component of indirect fitness |
Q51161536 | Hibernation is associated with increased survival and the evolution of slow life histories among mammals. |
Q28240027 | High quantitative and no molecular differentiation of a freshwater snail (Galba truncatula) between temporary and permanent water habitats |
Q51728555 | High survival in poor years: life history tactics adapted to mast seeding in the edible dormouse. |
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Q46238101 | Hoopoe males experience intra-seasonal while females experience inter-seasonal reproductive costs |
Q40635179 | Hormonal manipulation of offspring number: maternal effort and reproductive costs |
Q51198130 | How to get the most bang for your buck: the evolution and physiology of nutrition-dependent resource allocation strategies. |
Q56830603 | How to tell a shrub from a tree: A life-history perspective from a South African savanna |
Q46631704 | How well can body size represent effects of the environment on demographic rates? Disentangling correlated explanatory variables. |
Q57088530 | Immune and oxidative stress trade-offs in four classes of Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) with different reproductive strategies |
Q41690681 | Immune challenge of female great tits at nests affects provisioning and body conditions of their offspring |
Q51752594 | Immune function varies with reproductive stage and context in female and male tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus. |
Q21090815 | Immune investment is explained by sexual selection and pace-of-life, but not longevity in parrots (Psittaciformes) |
Q47671018 | Immunoglobulin plasma concentration in relation to egg laying and mate ornamentation of female barn swallows (Hirundo rustica). |
Q42653267 | Immunosenescence patterns differ between populations but not between sexes in a long-lived mammal |
Q39868302 | Improved estimation of intrinsic growth r(max) for long-lived species: integrating matrix models and allometry. |
Q36529412 | Increased sexual activity reduces male immune function in Drosophila melanogaster |
Q46387019 | Individual heterogeneity determines sex differences in mortality in a monogamous bird with reversed sexual dimorphism. |
Q56533858 | Individual optimization of clutch size in great tits |
Q41355195 | Individual quality and age but not environmental or social conditions modulate costs of reproduction in a capital breeder |
Q51373610 | Individual variation and the resolution of conflict over parental care in penduline tits. |
Q43291646 | Individual variation in baseline and stress-induced corticosterone and prolactin levels predicts parental effort by nesting mourning doves |
Q73448694 | Induced abortion ratio in modern Sweden falls with age, but rises again before menopause |
Q35292227 | Infection before pregnancy affects immunity and response to social challenge in the next generation |
Q46744174 | Influence of mate preference and laying order on maternal allocation in a monogamous parrot species with extreme hatching asynchrony |
Q33319023 | Influence of pregnancy on locomotor and feeding performances of the skink, Mabuya multifasciata: why do females shift thermal preferences when pregnant? |
Q57871527 | Influences of supplemental feeding on winter elk calf:cow ratios in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem |
Q34671017 | Inter-Annual Variability of Fledgling Sex Ratio in King Penguins |
Q57920883 | Intra-group relatedness affects parental and helper investment rules in offspring care |
Q39602171 | Intraspecific variation in body size and the rate of reproduction in female insects - adaptive allometry or biophysical constraint? |
Q40563449 | Intrinsic survival advantage of social insect queens depends on reproductive activation |
Q45409227 | Intrinsic vs. extrinsic influences on life history expression: metabolism and parentally induced temperature influences on embryo development rate |
Q57015658 | Investigating geographic variation in clutch size using a natural experiment |
Q37672311 | Is parental competitive ability in winter negatively affected by previous springs' family size? |
Q51836184 | Is perceived childlessness a cue for stereotyping? Evolutionary aspects of a social phenomenon. |
Q39708924 | Kin effects on energy allocation in group-living ground squirrels |
Q24653480 | King penguin population threatened by Southern Ocean warming |
Q39218971 | LIFE HISTORY. Age-related mortality explains life history strategies of tropical and temperate songbirds |
Q54197672 | LONG-TERM LABORATORY EVOLUTION OF A GENETIC LIFE-HISTORY TRADE-OFF IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. 2. STABILITY OF GENETIC CORRELATIONS. |
Q91709040 | Lactation and resource limitation affect stress responses, thyroid hormones, immune function, and antioxidant capacity of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) |
Q57031734 | Larval food composition affects courtship song and sperm expenditure in a lekking moth |
Q36697373 | Leg impairment magnifies reproductive costs in male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata |
Q47890191 | Life History Adaptations to Seasonality |
Q51711567 | Life history and the evolution of family living in birds. |
Q73438903 | Life history evolution in guppies (Poecilia reticulata): guppies as a model for studying the evolutionary biology of aging |
Q33842857 | Life history pattern and fitness of an endangered Hainan Eld's deer population. |
Q28657962 | Life history trade-offs in cancer evolution |
Q45326531 | Life history traits in a cyclic ecosystem: a field experiment on the arctic fox. |
Q44257973 | Life history, predation and flight initiation distance in a migratory bird |
Q35893253 | Life span and reproductive cost explain interspecific variation in the optimal onset of reproduction |
Q56430052 | Life-history and demographic variation in an alpine specialist at the latitudinal extremes of the range |
Q52582914 | Life-history correlates of evolution under high and low adult mortality. |
Q110951487 | Listening to male song induces female field crickets to differentially allocate reproductive resources |
Q57939431 | Litter reductions reveal a trade-off between offspring size and number in brown bears |
Q42163879 | Little evidence for intralocus sexual conflict over the optimal intake of nutrients for life span and reproduction in the black field cricket Teleogryllus commodus. |
Q51384840 | Local sex ratio affects the cost of reproduction. |
Q40376772 | Longevity cost of reproduction for males but no longevity cost of mating or courtship for females in the male-dimorphic dung beetle Onthophagus binodis. |
Q101217412 | Macronutrient intake and simulated infection threat independently affect life history traits of male decorated crickets |
Q30406391 | Male age and female mate choice in a synchronizing katydid. |
Q51526840 | Male age mediates reproductive investment and response to paternity assurance. |
Q35080249 | Male courtship behavior and weapon trait as indicators of indirect benefit in the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris |
Q56764233 | Male mate choice and female-female competition for mates in the pipefish Nerophis ophidion |
Q51163831 | Male mealworm beetles increase resting metabolic rate under terminal investment. |
Q58376721 | Male ornamentation and within-pair paternity are not associated with male provisioning rates in scarlet rosefinches Carpodacus erythrinus |
Q58557643 | Manipulating sex ratios for conservation: short-term risks and long-term benefits |
Q47183190 | Maternal Programming of Body Weight in Syrian Hamsters |
Q45814498 | Maternal allocation in bison: co-occurrence of senescence, cost of reproduction, and individual quality |
Q34462290 | Maternal androgens increase sibling aggression, dominance, and competitive ability in the siblicidal black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). |
Q39846854 | Maternal characteristics and environment affect the costs of reproduction in female mountain goats |
Q35972354 | Maternal effects on offspring size and number in mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki |
Q35070473 | Maternal investment in the swordtail fish Xiphophorus multilineatus: support for the differential allocation hypothesis |
Q34988237 | Maternal investment, sibling competition, and offspring survival with increasing litter size and parity in pigs (Sus scrofa). |
Q38912179 | Maternal natal environment and breeding territory predict the condition and sex ratio of offspring |
Q46318366 | Maternal sexual interactions affect offspring survival and ageing |
Q37539865 | Mating and longevity in ant males |
Q73054238 | Messages from mortality: the evolution of death rates in the old |
Q104794434 | Metamorphosis in an Era of Increasing Climate Variability |
Q46476545 | Milk immunity and reproductive status among Ariaal women of northern Kenya |
Q56827835 | Modelling dispersal: an eco-evolutionary framework incorporating emigration, movement, settlement behaviour and the multiple costs involved |
Q39471906 | Modulation of the adrenocortical response to acute stress with respect to brood value, reproductive success and survival in the Eurasian hoopoe. |
Q46290898 | Molecular and Neuroendocrine Approaches to Understanding Trade-offs: Food, Sex, Aggression, Stress, and Longevity-An Introduction to the Symposium |
Q44055187 | Mother knows best: functionally referential alarm calling in white-tailed ptarmigan |
Q101564277 | Mutual mate choice and its benefits for both sexes |
Q42633330 | Natural selection and glucocorticoid physiology |
Q69744748 | Natural selection of life history attributes: An analytical approach |
Q39836312 | Natural variation in stress response is related to post-stress parental effort in male house sparrows |
Q40728001 | Negative covariance between parasite load and body condition in a population of feral horses. |
Q57999963 | Nesting ecology of Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca in north-eastern Algeria |
Q51136508 | Nestling rearing is antioxidant demanding in female barn swallows (Hirundo rustica). |
Q47295726 | New Perspectives on the Ontogeny and Evolution of Avian Locomotion |
Q51671402 | No energetic cost of anthropogenic disturbance in a songbird. |
Q34287413 | No evidence for a trade-off between reproductive investment and immunity in a rodent |
Q30542409 | No intra-locus sexual conflict over reproductive fitness or ageing in field crickets |
Q34490076 | No selection on immunological markers in response to a highly virulent pathogen in an Arctic breeding bird |
Q47402847 | OPTIMUM BROOD SIZE: TESTS OF ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES. |
Q28606824 | Offspring of primiparous mothers do not experience greater mortality or poorer growth: Revisiting the conventional wisdom with archival records of Rhesus Macaques |
Q36601815 | Old males reduce melanin-pigmented traits and increase reproductive outcome under worse environmental conditions in common kestrels |
Q47319371 | Ontogenetic and evolutionary effects of predation and competition on nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) body size |
Q52457657 | Optimal life histories with age dependent tradeoff curves. |
Q39451033 | Optimal life-history schedule in a metapopulation with juvenile dispersal |
Q57064999 | Optimal resource allocation in a serotinous non-resprouting plant species under different fire regimes |
Q34362085 | Optimality, mutation and the evolution of ageing |
Q46276312 | Optimizing lifetime reproductive output: Intermittent breeding as a tactic for females in a long-lived, multiparous mammal. |
Q46423058 | Optimizing offspring: the quantity-quality tradeoff in agropastoral Kipsigis |
Q51249639 | Optimizing the trade-off between offspring number and quality in unpredictable environments: testing the role of differential androgen transfer to collared flycatcher eggs. |
Q38375780 | Oxidative shielding and the cost of reproduction. |
Q37273846 | Oxidative stress in ecology and evolution: lessons from avian studies. |
Q41215039 | PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS OF FEMALE THALASSOMA BIFASCIATUM (PISCES: LABRIDAE). 1. MANIPULATIONS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN TESTS FOR ADAPTIVE SHIFTS OF LIFE-HISTORY ALLOCATIONS. |
Q41360673 | PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE CONTROLS ON LIFE-HISTORY VARIATION: THE EVOLUTION OF LITTER SIZE IN WHITE-FOOTED MICE (PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS). |
Q35116016 | Parasitism and the expression of sexual dimorphism |
Q83210304 | Parent-offspring relations in mammals |
Q40703206 | Parental investment of male two-spotted goby, Gobiusculus flavescens (Fabricius). |
Q53131361 | Paternal care and litter size coevolution in mammals. |
Q52640993 | Paternal investment directly affects female reproductive effort in an insect |
Q59088949 | Pattern of covariation between life-history traits of European birds |
Q60018504 | Patterns of cercarial production from Diplostomum spathaceum: terminal investment or bet hedging? |
Q48764755 | Patterns of investment of the reproductive strategy of two stream-dwelling Characidae. |
Q52821051 | Patterns of longevity and fecundity at two temperatures in a set of heat-selected recombinant inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster. |
Q35890394 | Paying the costs of reproduction. |
Q47368024 | Persistent directional selection on body size and a resolution to the paradox of stasis |
Q51273069 | Phenotypes optimized for early-life reproduction exhibit faster somatic deterioration with age, revealing a latent cost of high condition. |
Q56227247 | Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive effort: malaria parasites respond to resource availability |
Q57049323 | Plastic reproductive allocation as a buffer against environmental stochasticity - linking life history and population dynamics to climate |
Q34610760 | Plasticity in transmission strategies of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi: environmental and genetic effects |
Q52841503 | Pleiotropic effects of juvenile hormone in ant queens and the escape from the reproduction-immunocompetence trade-off. |
Q40166309 | Population dynamics in a long-lived seabird: I. Impact of breeding activity on survival and breeding probability in unbanded king penguins |
Q38455047 | Population genetic evidence for cold adaptation in European Drosophila melanogaster populations |
Q33853055 | Population growth is limited by nutritional impacts on pregnancy success in endangered Southern Resident killer whales (Orcinus orca). |
Q35993624 | Population-Level Density Dependence Influences the Origin and Maintenance of Parental Care |
Q35602102 | Population-Wide Failure to Breed in the Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) |
Q43528181 | Population-level body condition correlates with productivity in an arctic wader, the dunlin Calidris alpina, during post-breeding migration. |
Q50448688 | Post-weaning parental care increases fitness but is not heritable in North American red squirrels. |
Q37863512 | Potential for clonal animals in longevity and ageing studies |
Q39512216 | Pre-reproductive survival in a tropical bird and its implications for avian life histories |
Q51434690 | Predicting trait values and measuring selection in complex life histories: reproductive allocation decisions in Soay sheep. |
Q40238660 | Pregnancy disruption in artificially inseminated domestic horse mares as a counterstrategy against potential infanticide |
Q47863384 | Protein deprivation decreases male survival and the intensity of sexual antagonism in southern field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus. |
Q36483121 | Protein:carbohydrate ratios explain life span patterns found in Queensland fruit fly on diets varying in yeast:sugar ratios |
Q37343606 | Proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying immunosuppression during the incubation fast in female eiders: roles of triiodothyronine and corticosterone |
Q51213835 | REPRODUCTIVE COST, AGE-SPECIFIC SURVIVAL AND A COMPARISON OF THE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY IN TWO EUROPEAN TITS (GENUS PARUS). |
Q39584858 | Regulation of foraging trips and incubation routine in male and female wandering albatrosses |
Q56609246 | Relationships between the expression of maternal behaviour and ovarian development in the mouthbrooding cichlid fish Oreochromis Niloticus |
Q37304406 | Relative costs of offspring sex and offspring survival in a polygynous mammal |
Q57236238 | Relative food limitation drives geographical clutch size variation in South African passerines: a large-scale test of Ashmole's seasonality hypothesis |
Q33961377 | Reproduction is associated with a tissue-dependent reduction of oxidative stress in eusocial female Damaraland mole-rats (Fukomys damarensis). |
Q34246522 | Reproduction-Longevity Trade-Off in <I>Anopheles gambiae</I> (Diptera: Culicidae) |
Q59133942 | Reproductive behavior of the Amazonian dwarf cichlid Apistogramma hippolytae Kullander, 1982: offsetting costs and benefits |
Q26770623 | Reproductive costs in terrestrial male vertebrates: insights from bird studies |
Q57134185 | Reproductive effort and future parental competitive ability: A nest box removal experiment |
Q38568961 | Reproductive mode and the shifting arenas of evolutionary conflict |
Q45131210 | Reproductive success and failure: the role of winter body mass in reproductive allocation in Norwegian moose. |
Q38992124 | Reproductive trade-offs in a long-lived bird species: condition-dependent reproductive allocation maintains female survival and offspring quality. |
Q34307338 | Residency time as an indicator of reproductive restraint in male burying beetles |
Q51691603 | Residual reproductive value and male mating success: older males do better. |
Q57050203 | Resilience to climate variation in a spatially structured amphibian population |
Q57238659 | Resilience to heat waves in the aquatic snail Lymnaea stagnalis : Additive and interactive effects with micropollutants |
Q41590986 | Resource availability as a proxy for terminal investment in a beetle |
Q46350085 | Risk-sensitive allocation in seasonal dynamics of fat and protein reserves in a long-lived mammal |
Q30810459 | Risk-sensitive reproductive allocation: fitness consequences of body mass losses in two contrasting environments |
Q51120291 | Roots, shoots and reproduction: sexual dimorphism in size and costs of reproductive allocation in an annual herb. |
Q36386533 | SIZE-FECUNDITY RELATIONSHIPS AND THEIR EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS IN FIVE DESMOGNATHINE SALAMANDERS. |
Q39142605 | SYNCHRONY IN THE LESSER SNOW GOOSE (ANSER CAERULESCENS CAERULESCENS). II. THE ADAPTIVE VALUE OF REPRODUCTIVE SYNCHRONY. |
Q56386625 | Safe betting: males help dull females only when they raise high-quality offspring |
Q46384654 | Seasonal fecundity and costs to λ are more strongly affected by direct than indirect predation effects across species |
Q45166620 | Selection on male longevity in a monogamous human population: late-life survival brings no additional grandchildren |
Q36255132 | Selection on parental performance opposes selection for larger body mass in a wild population of blue tits |
Q47111178 | Senescence and carryover effects of reproductive performance influence migration, condition, and breeding propensity in a small shorebird. |
Q50798699 | Senescence in relation to latitude and migration in birds. |
Q56225615 | Sex allocation and sex-specific parental investment in an endangered seabird |
Q56017678 | Sex differences in defence of eggs and nestlings by northern mockingbirds, Mimus polyglottos |
Q59235481 | Sex- and breeding stage-specific hormonal stress response of seabird parents |
Q51567410 | Sex-biased terminal investment in offspring induced by maternal immune challenge in the house wren (Troglodytes aedon). |
Q34473811 | Sex-related effects of reproduction on biomarkers of oxidative damage in free-living barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) |
Q51295289 | Sex-specific consequences of experimental cortisol elevation in pre-reproductive wild largemouth bass. |
Q35935163 | Sex-specific effects of protein and carbohydrate intake on reproduction but not lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster |
Q58557670 | Sexual Selection and Life-History Decisions: Implications for Supportive Breeding and the Management of Captive Populations |
Q56211502 | Sexual differences in reproductive effort: time-activity budgets of monogamous killdeer, Charadrius vociferus |
Q42670513 | Sexual selection and the physiological consequences of habitat choice by a fiddler crab |
Q30979981 | Shifting Effects of Ocean Conditions on Survival and Breeding Probability of a Long-Lived Seabird |
Q51643173 | Short- and long-term consequences of reproductive decisions: an experimental study in the puffin. |
Q59154809 | Should I brood or should I hunt: a female barn owl's dilemma |
Q36276569 | Simulated Seasonal Photoperiods and Fluctuating Temperatures Have Limited Effects on Blood Feeding and Life History in Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae). |
Q57263500 | Simulated moult reduces flight performance but overlap with breeding does not affect breeding success in a long-distance migrant |
Q40074081 | Simultaneous age-dependent and age-independent sexual selection in the lekking black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix). |
Q50125211 | Size matters: competition between male and female great tit offspring |
Q57898727 | Skipped breeding in common guillemots in a changing climate: restraint or constraint? |
Q56838442 | Social and genetic benefits of parental investment suggest sex differences in selection pressures |
Q44151439 | Spatial clumping of sexually receptive females induces space sharing among male voles |
Q40577619 | Sperm competition mechanisms, confidence of paternity, and the evolution of paternal care in the golden egg bug (Phyllomorpha laciniata). |
Q91921027 | Stress hypothesis overload: 131 hypotheses exploring the role of stress in tradeoffs, transitions, and health |
Q37802554 | Survival costs of reproduction in Drosophila |
Q51439773 | Survival costs of reproduction predict age-dependent variation in maternal investment. |
Q51664037 | Survival costs of reproduction vary with age in North American red squirrels. |
Q39909184 | Symptoms at menopause and care of grandchildren. |
Q33365508 | THE COST OF MERISTEM LIMITATION IN POLYGONUM ARENASTRUM: NEGATIVE GENETIC CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FECUNDITY AND GROWTH. |
Q57190906 | THE DETERMINANTS OF OPTIMAL LITTER SIZE IN FREE-RANGING RED SQUIRRELS |
Q57230321 | THE EFFECTS OF BROOD SIZE ON GROWTH OF SOUTH AFRICAN CLIFF SWALLOW HIRUNDO SPILODERA CHICKS |
Q36386751 | THE EVOLUTION OF CLUTCH SIZE AND REPRODUCTIVE RATES IN PARASITIC CUCKOOS. |
Q47405389 | THE EVOLUTION OF CLUTCH SIZE: A REPLY TO WOOTTON, YOUNG, AND WINKLER. |
Q41124194 | THE EVOLUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT IN LIZARDS AND SNAKES. |
Q51599842 | Telomerase deficiency in a colonial ascidian after prolonged asexual propagation. |
Q39317760 | Telomere attrition and growth: a life-history framework and case study in common terns. |
Q38982053 | Terminal investment in the gustatory appeal of nuptial food gifts in crickets |
Q40447777 | Terminal investment induced by immune challenge and fitness traits associated with major histocompatibility complex in the house sparrow. |
Q64894227 | Testes mass in the livebearing fish Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora (Poeciliidae) varies hypoallometrically with body size but not between predation environments. |
Q43641301 | Testing hypotheses in ecoimmunology using mixed models: disentangling hierarchical correlations. |
Q53679633 | Testing life-history pleiotropy in Caenorhabditis elegans. |
Q91052078 | Testing the reproductive and somatic trade-off in female Columbian ground squirrels |
Q99963094 | The Auxiliary Social System in Kookaburras: A Reappraisal of Its Adaptive Significance |
Q43047382 | The Effect of Insecticidal Stress on Reproductive Output of Susceptible and Field Strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). |
Q40308712 | The Effect of Ultraviolet-A Radiation Exposure on the Reproductive Ability, Longevity, and Development of the Dialeurodes citri (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) F1 Generation |
Q40165877 | The cost of reproduction induced by body size at birth and breeding density |
Q39795498 | The cost of reproduction-a physiological approach |
Q36631093 | The cost of reproduction: the devil in the details |
Q39580176 | The costs of parental care: a meta-analysis of the trade-off between parental effort and survival in birds |
Q59093191 | The costs of reproduction in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis |
Q51677702 | The demographic consequences of the cost of reproduction in ungulates. |
Q40591691 | The ecology of host-finding behaviour and parasite transmission: past and future perspectives |
Q35208940 | The effect of locomotion on the mobilization of minerals from the maternal skeleton |
Q73443259 | The effects of reproduction on longevity and fertility in male Drosophila melanogaster |
Q56047941 | The energetics of lactation in the Northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris |
Q35005367 | The energy economy of the arctic-breeding Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla): a review |
Q34379150 | The evolution of male mate choice in insects: a synthesis of ideas and evidence. |
Q51609156 | The evolution of parental care in stochastic environments. |
Q57863897 | The evolution of parental investment in caecilian amphibians: a comparative approach |
Q34547053 | The evolution of senescence in fish |
Q28602809 | The evolutionary convergence of avian lifestyles and their constrained coevolution with species' ecological niche |
Q58311613 | The functional significance of parasitic egg laying and typical nesting in redhead ducks: an analysis of individual behaviour |
Q51614902 | The glucocorticoid stress response is attenuated but unrelated to reproductive investment during parental care in a teleost fish. |
Q46260629 | The impact of sea ice conditions on breeding decisions is modulated by body condition in an arctic partial capital breeder |
Q31010681 | The influence of reproductive experience on milk energy output and lactation performance in the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). |
Q34440928 | The link between immunity and life history traits in scleractinian corals |
Q35694253 | The mating brain: early maturing sneaker males maintain investment into the brain also under fast body growth in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). |
Q28829022 | The odor of a plant metabolite affects life history traits in dietary restricted adult olive flies |
Q26750483 | The offspring quantity-quality trade-off and human fertility variation |
Q27325693 | The oxidative costs of reproduction are group-size dependent in a wild cooperative breeder |
Q39124333 | The oxidative costs of territory quality and offspring provisioning. |
Q46529208 | The population determines whether and how life-history traits vary between reproductive events in an insect with maternal care. |
Q33361326 | The positive correlation between maternal size and offspring size: fitting pieces of a life-history puzzle |
Q58423766 | The presence of conifer resin decreases the use of the immune system in wood ants |
Q102059039 | The relative contribution of individual quality and changing climate as drivers of lifetime reproductive success in a short-lived avian species |
Q38085057 | The role of fecundity and reproductive effort in defining life-history strategies of North American freshwater mussels |
Q43721827 | The role of social environment on parental care: offspring benefit more from the presence of female than male helpers |
Q27323319 | The somatic reproductive tissues of C. elegans promote longevity through steroid hormone signaling |
Q56940588 | The stress of scramble: sex differences in behavior and physiological stress response in a time-constrained mating system |
Q38442364 | Time and recruitment costs as currencies in manipulation studies on the costs of reproduction |
Q40648832 | Timing of current reproduction directly affects future reproductive output in European coots. |
Q45051932 | To breed or not to breed: past reproductive status and environmental cues drive current breeding decisions in a long-lived amphibian |
Q51526863 | Too risky to settle: avian community structure changes in response to perceived predation risk on adults and offspring. |
Q53997028 | Towards welfare biology: Evolutionary economics of animal consciousness and suffering |
Q50954266 | Trade-off-invariant rules for evolutionarily stable life histories. |
Q57260805 | Trade-offs between growth and reproduction in wild Atlantic cod |
Q59066542 | Trade-offs between life-history traits and a secondary sexual character in male collared flycatchers |
Q35961104 | Trade-offs between life-history traits at range-edge and central locations. |
Q39656835 | Trade-offs between offspring fitness and future reproduction of adult female black brent |
Q34779076 | Trade-offs between vegetative growth and acorn production in Quercus lobata during a mast year: the relevance of crop size and hierarchical level within the canopy |
Q57939619 | Tradeoff between offspring mass and subsequent reproduction in a highly iteroparous mammal |
Q38259437 | Trading up: the fitness consequences of divorce in monogamous birds |
Q88867727 | Transgenerational effects of maternal sexual interactions in seed beetles |
Q36115111 | Transgenerational plasticity following a dual pathogen and stress challenge in fruit flies. |
Q56228277 | Tree swallow reproductive investment, stress, and parasites |
Q51476904 | Triiodothyronine suppresses humoral immunity but not T-cell-mediated immune response in incubating female eiders (Somateria mollissima). |
Q42687362 | Turn-taking in cooperative offspring care: by-product of individual provisioning behavior or active response rule? |
Q52614554 | Twelve fundamental life histories evolving through allocation-dependent fecundity and survival. |
Q51413325 | Twofold cost of reproduction: an increase in parental effort leads to higher malarial parasitaemia and to a decrease in resistance to oxidative stress. |
Q73801426 | Type of intruder and reproductive phase influence male territorial defence in wild-caught Siamese fighting fish |
Q45047925 | Ultimate regulation of fecundity in species with precocial young: declining marginal value of offspring with increasing brood size does not explain maximal clutch size in Black Brent geese |
Q90170592 | Ultraviolet irradiation increases size of the first clutch but decreases longevity in a marine copepod |
Q40488772 | Unpredictable food supply modifies costs of reproduction and hampers individual optimization |
Q100307343 | Urban resources limit pair coordination over offspring provisioning |
Q60350405 | Variable spawning success of Nephtys hombergi (Annelida: Polychaeta) in response to environmental variation |
Q37208280 | Variation in helper effort among cooperatively breeding bird species is consistent with Hamilton's Rule. |
Q47289643 | Variation in litter size: a test of hypotheses in Richardson's ground squirrels |
Q50582145 | Variation in sex pheromone emission does not reflect immunocompetence but affects attractiveness of male burying beetles-a combination of laboratory and field experiments. |
Q63884704 | Variation in the vital rates of an Antarctic marine predator: the role of individual heterogeneity |
Q60557826 | Vertically transmitted fungal endophytes: different responses of host-parasite systems to environmental conditions |
Q34443786 | Viability costs of reproduction and behavioral compensation in western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). |
Q37609491 | Vitamin A dynamics in breastmilk and liver stores: a life history perspective |
Q91585565 | Warm temperatures during cold season can negatively affect adult survival in an alpine bird |
Q35799825 | Weathering the storm: parental effort and experimental manipulation of stress hormones predict brood survival |
Q34371947 | What are the benefits of parental care? The importance of parental effects on developmental rate |
Q57236916 | What is the appropriate timescale for measuring costs of reproduction in a `capital breeder' such as the aspic viper? |
Q39140079 | When and where does mortality occur in migratory birds? Direct evidence from long-term satellite tracking of raptors |
Q26778778 | When cooperation begets cooperation: the role of key individuals in galvanizing support |
Q51435495 | When is it socially acceptable to feel sick? |
Q46921993 | Why do the well-fed appear to die young? A new evolutionary hypothesis for the effect of dietary restriction on lifespan |
Q59239086 | Why does the herring gull lay three eggs? |
Q55312724 | Wild Norway Rats Do Not Avoid Predator Scents When Collecting Food in a Familiar Habitat: A Field Study. |
Q57649036 | Wolf et al. reply |
Q45996057 | Yolk androgens do not appear to mediate sexual conflict over parental investment in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. |
Q35403023 | Yolk hormones and sexual conflict over parental investment in the pied flycatcher |
Q58416576 | Zebra finch nestlings, rather than parents, suffer from raising broods under low nutritional conditions |
Q55896789 | r- ANDK-SELECTION REVISITED: THE ROLE OF POPULATION REGULATION IN LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION |
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