Carla J Greenbaum

researcher

Carla J Greenbaum is …
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humanQ5

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P496ORCID iD0000-0003-4451-9800

P734family nameGreenbaumQ21449978
GreenbaumQ21449978
GreenbaumQ21449978
P735given nameCarlaQ5041018
CarlaQ5041018
P106occupationresearcherQ1650915

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author (P50)
Q54522060A SNP in G6PC2 predicts insulin secretion in type 1 diabetes.
Q34200419A comparison of the baseline metabolic profiles between Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 and TrialNet Natural History Study participants
Q27334999A new approach for diagnosing type 1 diabetes in autoantibody-positive individuals based on prediction and natural history
Q46901921A risk score for type 1 diabetes derived from autoantibody-positive participants in the diabetes prevention trial-type 1.
Q92817613Abnormalities in proinsulin processing in islets from individuals with longstanding T1D
Q30557549Acceleration of the loss of the first-phase insulin response during the progression to type 1 diabetes in diabetes prevention trial-type 1 participants
Q77435857Accumulation of(125)iodine labeled interleukin-2 in the pancreas of NOD mice
Q100387833Acute Hyperinsulinemia Alters Bone Turnover in Women and Men With Type 1 Diabetes
Q36621037Acute hyperglycemia impairs IL-6 expression in humans
Q36216535Alefacept provides sustained clinical and immunological effects in new-onset type 1 diabetes patients.
Q36897077Altered B cell homeostasis is associated with type I diabetes and carriers of the PTPN22 allelic variant
Q92626522An Anti-CD3 Antibody, Teplizumab, in Relatives at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes
Q57158832Analysis of T-Cell Assays to Measure Autoimmune Responses in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes
Q93077643Analysis of pancreatic beta cell specific CD4+ T cells reveals a predominance of proinsulin specific cells
Q45060046Antigen-Specific T Cell Analysis Reveals That Active Immune Responses to β Cell Antigens Are Focused on a Unique Set of Epitopes.
Q36632019Antigen-based therapy with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) vaccine in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: a randomised double-blind trial
Q45070289Assessment of Beta Cell Mass and Function by AIRmax and IVGTT in High Risk Subjects for Type 1 Diabetes
Q35431818Assessment of CD4+ T cell responses to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 using DQ8 tetramers reveals a pathogenic role of GAD65 121-140 and GAD65 250-266 in T1D development
Q42511453Attenuated IL-2R signaling in CD4 memory T cells of T1D subjects is intrinsic and dependent on activation state.
Q92547043Autoantibodies Directed Toward a Novel IA-2 Variant Protein Enhance Prediction of Type 1 Diabetes
Q89531588Autoantibody Reversion: Changing Risk Categories in Multiple-Autoantibody-Positive Individuals
Q81390298Autoimmunity and clinical course in children with type 1, type 2, and type 1.5 diabetes
Q47651074Autoimmunity to islet proteins in children diagnosed with new-onset diabetes
Q91798879Autoreactive CD8+ T cell exhaustion distinguishes subjects with slow type 1 diabetes progression
Q34384116Autoreactive T cells specific for insulin B:11-23 recognize a low-affinity peptide register in human subjects with autoimmune diabetes
Q33638598Avidity-dependent programming of autoreactive T cells in T1D
Q64120177B lymphocyte alterations accompany abatacept resistance in new-onset type 1 diabetes
Q37504134B-lymphocyte depletion with rituximab and β-cell function: two-year results
Q34051583Biobanking, consent, and commercialization in international genetics research: the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium
Q95837724C-Peptide Levels in Subjects Followed Longitudinally Before and After Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis in TrialNet
Q47299422C-peptide is the appropriate outcome measure for type 1 diabetes clinical trials to preserve beta-cell function: report of an ADA workshop, 21-22 October 2001.
Q44937301CD4+ T cells from type 1 diabetic and healthy subjects exhibit different thresholds of activation to a naturally processed proinsulin epitope
Q39228782CD4+ T cells recognize diverse epitopes within GAD65: implications for repertoire development and diabetes monitoring.
Q64120222Cell type-specific immune phenotypes predict loss of insulin secretion in new-onset type 1 diabetes
Q54095939Cellular immune responses to human islet proteins in antibody-positive type 2 diabetic patients.
Q37289023Changes in autoreactive T cell avidity during type 1 diabetes development.
Q28082038Changing the Course of Disease in Type 1 Diabetes
Q35822130Clinical evolution of beta cell function in youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study
Q36292592Co-stimulation modulation with abatacept in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Q42683654Comment on: Atkinson. It's time to consider changing the rules: the rationale for rethinking control groups in clinical trials aimed at reversing type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2011;60:361-363.
Q44914587Comparative study of GAD65-specific CD4+ T cells in healthy and type 1 diabetic subjects
Q45057620Conformation-dependent GAD65 autoantibodies in diabetes
Q37660900Costimulation modulation with abatacept in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: follow-up 1 year after cessation of treatment
Q93222769DRB4*01:01 Has a Distinct Motif and Presents a Proinsulin Epitope That Is Recognized in Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes
Q33604570Defects in IL-2R signaling contribute to diminished maintenance of FOXP3 expression in CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cells of type 1 diabetic subjects
Q27687598Defining pathways for development of disease-modifying therapies in children with type 1 diabetes: a consensus report
Q92924665Discriminative T cell recognition of cross-reactive islet-antigens is associated with HLA-DQ8 transdimer-mediated autoimmune diabetes
Q28081034Disease modifying therapies in type 1 diabetes: Where have we been, and where are we going?
Q46443792Disease progression among 446 children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes located in Scandinavia, Europe, and North America during the last 27 yr
Q90906152Disease-Modifying Therapies in Type 1 Diabetes: A Look into the Future of Diabetes Practice
Q51286634Dissecting heterogeneity in paediatric Type 1 diabetes: association of TCF7L2 rs7903146 TT and low-risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes.
Q92510211Dynamic Immune Phenotypes of B and T Helper Cells Mark Distinct Stages of T1D Progression
Q40730821Dynamic perifusion to maintain and assess isolated pancreatic islets
Q80756038Editorial: The role of glucagon in postprandial hyperglycemia--the jury's still out
Q47375383Effect of Oral Insulin on Prevention of Diabetes in Relatives of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Q36860483Effect of rituximab on human in vivo antibody immune responses
Q51599003Effects of an anti-CD5 immunoconjugate (CD5-plus) in recent onset type I diabetes mellitus: a preliminary investigation. The CD5 Diabetes Project Team.
Q46458859Effects of oral insulin in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes: The Diabetes Prevention Trial--Type 1.
Q89170907Elevated T cell levels in peripheral blood predict poor clinical response following rituximab treatment in new-onset type 1 diabetes
Q50077957Emerging Concepts on Disease-Modifying Therapies in Type 1 Diabetes
Q41751738Enhanced T cell responses to IL-6 in type 1 diabetes are associated with early clinical disease and increased IL-6 receptor expression
Q44065091Erratum to: Understanding and preventing type 1 diabetes through the unique working model of TrialNet.
Q64079230Erratum. Genetics coming of age in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2019;42:189-191
Q55069722Erratum. Validation of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score in the TrialNet Natural History Study. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1785-1787.
Q90050493Erratum. Who Is Enrolling? The Path to Monitoring in Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet's Pathway to Prevention. Diabetes Care 2019;42:2228-2236
Q43902397Evaluation of in vivo T cell kinetics: use of heavy isotope labelling in type 1 diabetes
Q82095901Evaluation of leptin levels in subjects at risk for type 1 diabetes
Q33751549Failure to preserve beta-cell function with mycophenolate mofetil and daclizumab combined therapy in patients with new- onset type 1 diabetes
Q39596760Fall in C-Peptide During First 4 Years From Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes: Variable Relation to Age, HbA1c, and Insulin Dose
Q30521476Fall in C-peptide during first 2 years from diagnosis: evidence of at least two distinct phases from composite Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet data
Q53393942Fifth International Serum Exchange Workshop for Insulin Autoantibody (IAA) Standardization. The Immunology and Diabetes Workshops and participating laboratories
Q112293186Fine-mapping, trans-ancestral and genomic analyses identify causal variants, cells, genes and drug targets for type 1 diabetes
Q58065034First Genome-Wide Association Study of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults Reveals Novel Insights Linking Immune and Metabolic Diabetes
Q42554128Functional islet-specific Treg can be generated from CD4+CD25- T cells of healthy and type 1 diabetic subjects
Q35718804Future intervention trials in type 1 diabetes
Q44903844GAD65-specific CD4+ T-cells with high antigen avidity are prevalent in peripheral blood of patients with type 1 diabetes
Q92023736Genetic Discrimination Between LADA and Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Within the MHC
Q44932416Genetic variation in PTPN22 corresponds to altered function of T and B lymphocytes
Q91148217Genetics Coming of Age in Type 1 Diabetes
Q30505367Glucose excursions between states of glycemia with progression to type 1 diabetes in the diabetes prevention trial-type 1 (DPT-1).
Q44893510Guidelines for Intervention Trials in Subjects With Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes
Q30732418HLA-DRB1*15:01-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*06:02 Haplotype Protects Autoantibody-Positive Relatives From Type 1 Diabetes Throughout the Stages of Disease Progression
Q36749719Heterogeneity in recent-onset type 1 diabetes - a clinical trial perspective
Q90615969High Concentration of Medium-Sized HDL Particles and Enrichment in HDL Paraoxonase 1 Associate With Protection From Vascular Complications in People With Long-standing Type 1 Diabetes
Q44907145High frequency of abnormal glucose tolerance in DQA1*0102/DQB1*0602 relatives identified as part of the Diabetes Prevention Trial--Type 1 Diabetes
Q92374450High residual C-peptide likely contributes to glycemic control in type 1 diabetes
Q92454501Hyaluronan deposition in islets may precede and direct the location of islet immune-cell infiltrates
Q91932842Hybrid Insulin Peptides are Recognized by Human T Cells in the Context of DRB1*04:01
Q38090144IL-2 therapy in type 1 diabetes: "Trials" and tribulations
Q90558643ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Stages of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents
Q44924300Identification of Novel HLA-A*0201-restricted epitopes in recent-onset type 1 diabetic subjects and antibody-positive relatives
Q36770646Identification of tissue-specific cell death using methylation patterns of circulating DNA
Q82201101Immunomodulation in type 1 diabetes by NBI-6024, an altered peptide ligand of the insulin B epitope
Q43935399Impaired beta-cell function, incretin effect, and glucagon suppression in patients with type 1 diabetes who have normal fasting glucose
Q53392926Improved specificity of ICA assays in the Fourth International Immunology of Diabetes Serum Exchange Workshop
Q30418470Improvement in outcomes of clinical islet transplantation: 1999-2010.
Q90307145In-vivo assessment of T cell kinetics in individuals at risk for type 1 diabetes
Q37319146Incident dysglycemia and progression to type 1 diabetes among participants in the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1
Q67558235Increased specificity and sensitivity of insulin antibody measurements in autoimmune thyroid disease and type I diabetes
Q51482531Increasing the accuracy of oral glucose tolerance testing and extending its application to individuals with normal glucose tolerance for the prediction of type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1.
Q56871556Innate immune activity as a predictor of persistent insulin secretion and association with responsiveness to CTLA4-Ig treatment in recent-onset type 1 diabetes
Q96157281Innate immune stimulation of whole blood reveals IFN-1 hyper-responsiveness in type 1 diabetes
Q37084340Insulin Antibodies and Insulin Autoantibodies
Q68101221Insulin autoantibodies measured by radioimmunoassay methodology are more related to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus than those measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: results of the Fourth International Workshop on the Standardization of
Q98395270Insulin is necessary but not sufficient: changing the therapeutic paradigm in type 1 diabetes
Q34733637Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes
Q34718501Interaction of onset and duration of diabetes on the percent of GAD and IA-2 antibody-positive subjects in the type 1 diabetes genetics consortium database
Q37307777Interleukin-1 antagonism in type 1 diabetes of recent onset: two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials
Q36788764Interleukin-1 antagonism moderates the inflammatory state associated with Type 1 diabetes during clinical trials conducted at disease onset
Q43567137Intermolecular antigen spreading occurs during the preclinical period of human type 1 diabetes
Q79855751International comparison of C-peptide measurements
Q34197036Intra-islet insulin permits glucose to directly suppress pancreatic A cell function
Q91385263Introducing the Endotype Concept to Address the Challenge of Disease Heterogeneity in Type 1 Diabetes
Q46947522Islet cell antibodies and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, but not the clinical phenotype, help to identify type 1(1/2) diabetes in patients presenting with type 2 diabetes
Q73555628Islet cell antibody-positive relatives with human leukocyte antigen DQA1*0102, DQB1*0602: identification by the Diabetes Prevention Trial-type 1
Q34496667Islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein-reactive CD4+ T cells in human subjects.
Q36271849Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) should be less latent
Q39069291Longitudinal monitoring of gene expression in ultra-low-volume blood samples self-collected at home
Q42242979Low HERV-K(C4) copy number is associated with type 1 diabetes
Q73558994Low serum conditions for in vitro generation of human macrophages with macrophage colony stimulating factor
Q57163295Low-Dose Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (ATG) Preserves β-Cell Function and Improves HbA in New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes
Q92985801Low-Dose Anti-Thymocyte Globulin Preserves C-Peptide, Reduces HbA1c, and Increases Regulatory to Conventional T-Cell Ratios in New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: Two-Year Clinical Trial Data
Q44201166Macrophages from high-risk HLA-DQB1*0201/*0302 type 1 diabetes mellitus patients are hypersensitive to lipopolysaccharide stimulation.
Q37360444Major histocompatibility complex class I molecule expression is normal on peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Q37972677Making progress: preserving beta cells in type 1 diabetes
Q44995611Male sex increases the risk of autoimmunity but not type 1 diabetes
Q51075668Measurement of Pro-Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (1-48) in Diabetes and Islet Transplants.
Q35182110Metabolic tests to determine risk for type 1 diabetes in clinical trials
Q36906207Mixed-meal tolerance test versus glucagon stimulation test for the assessment of beta-cell function in therapeutic trials in type 1 diabetes
Q52719485Modifying Enzymes are Elicited by ER Stress, Generating Epitopes that are Selectively Recognized by CD4+ T Cells in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.
Q34393367Molecular signatures differentiate immune states in type 1 diabetic families
Q35078225Multiple autoimmune-associated variants confer decreased IL-2R signaling in CD4+ CD25(hi) T cells of type 1 diabetic and multiple sclerosis patients
Q96644719Multiplexing DNA methylation markers to detect circulating cell-free DNA derived from human pancreatic beta-cells
Q45028780NETosis-associated serum biomarkers are reduced in type 1 diabetes in association with neutrophil count
Q71674503Nicotinamide's effects on glucose metabolism in subjects at risk for IDDM
Q48956405Non-invasive imaging of beta cell mass: a quantitative analysis
Q45248639Nonprogression of subclinical beta-cell dysfunction among first-degree relatives of IDDM patients. 5-yr follow-up of the Seattle Family Study
Q57159227Nonprogression of subclinical beta-cell dysfunction among first-degree relatives of IDDM patients. 5-yr follow-up of the Seattle Family Study
Q34213378Parenteral insulin suppresses T cell proliferation to islet antigens
Q46966748Patterns of metabolic progression to type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1.
Q41145019Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of insulin-dependent diabetic patients respond to multiple islet cell proteins
Q42641842Persistence is the twin sister of excellence: an important lesson for attempts to prevent and reverse type 1 diabetes
Q44930850Preservation of C-peptide secretion in subjects at high risk of developing type 1 diabetes mellitus--a new surrogate measure of non-progression?
Q37364982Preservation of beta-cell function in autoantibody-positive youth with diabetes
Q41676427Prevalence of detectable C-Peptide according to age at diagnosis and duration of type 1 diabetes
Q30548217Prevalence, characteristics and clinical diagnosis of maturity onset diabetes of the young due to mutations in HNF1A, HNF4A, and glucokinase: results from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth
Q82855435Progress, but not yet ready for clinical use: interrupting immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells in type 1 diabetes
Q90366148Proinsulin Secretion Is a Persistent Feature of Type 1 Diabetes
Q58037336Prospective evaluation of β-cell function in insulin antoantibody-positive relatives of insulin-dependent diabetic patients
Q36182476Rapamycin/IL-2 combination therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes augments Tregs yet transiently impairs β-cell function
Q39499765Recognition of posttranslationally modified GAD65 epitopes in subjects with type 1 diabetes.
Q57158691Reduced CD11b Integrin Expression with Short-term Administration of an IL-1R Antagonist in Type 1 Diabetes Patients
Q58037248Relationship of beta-cell function and autoantibodies to progression and nonprogression of subclinical type 1 diabetes: follow-up of the Seattle Family Study
Q38197230Residual C-peptide in type 1 diabetes: what do we really know?
Q90213433Response to Comment on Sims et al. Proinsulin Secretion Is a Persistent Feature of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2019;42:258-264
Q97567539Response to Comment on So et al. Autoantibody Reversion: Changing Risk Categories in Multiple-Autoantibody-Positive Individuals. Diabetes Care 2020;43:913-917
Q42909824Response to Comment on: Greenbaum et al. Fall in C-peptide during first 2 years from diagnosis: evidence of at least two distinct phases from composite type 1 diabetes TrialNet data. Diabetes 2012;61:2066-2073.
Q55185852Response to Comment on: Greenbaum et al. Through the Fog: Recent Clinical Trials to Preserve β-Cell Function in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2012;61:1323–1330.
Q57491711Rituximab, B-Lymphocyte Depletion, and Preservation of Beta-Cell Function
Q80400738Role of insulin resistance in predicting progression to type 1 diabetes
Q34079225Sample size requirements for studies of treatment effects on beta-cell function in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes
Q102056526Sensitive detection of multiple islet autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes using small sample volumes by agglutination-PCR
Q57158666Short-term IL-1β blockade reduces monocyte CD11b integrin expression in an IL-8 dependent fashion in patients with type 1 diabetes
Q51000341Short-term responses to periodontal therapy in insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
Q40190431Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Expanded Clones of Islet Antigen-Reactive CD4+ T Cells in Peripheral Blood of Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes.
Q82497133Specific human leukocyte antigen DQ influence on expression of antiislet autoantibodies and progression to type 1 diabetes
Q45070795Stacking the Deck: Studies of Patients with Multiple Autoimmune Diseases Propelled Our Understanding of Type 1 Diabetes as an Autoimmune Disease.
Q37659402Staging presymptomatic type 1 diabetes: a scientific statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association
Q45234917Standardization of C-peptide measurements
Q88697599Strength in Numbers: Opportunities for Enhancing the Development of Effective Treatments for Type 1 Diabetes-The TrialNet Experience
Q36340392Stress Testing of an Artificial Pancreas System With Pizza and Exercise Leads to Improvements in the System's Fuzzy Logic Controller
Q90401076Systematic Assessment of Immune Marker Variation in Type 1 Diabetes: A Prospective Longitudinal Study
Q44748000Systematic screening of potential beta-cell imaging agents
Q57158739T.128. Short-term Administration of Anakinra does not Appear to Affect Stimulated C-peptide Responses Acutely in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes
Q37642554Targeting of memory T cells with alefacept in new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1DAL study): 12 month results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial
Q37251153Teplizumab (anti-CD3 mAb) treatment preserves C-peptide responses in patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial: metabolic and immunologic features at baseline identify a subgroup of responders
Q35531898The Effect of DPT-1 Intravenous Insulin Infusion and Daily Subcutaneous Insulin on Endogenous Insulin Secretion and Postprandial Glucose Tolerance
Q53403038The Fourth International Workshop on the Standardisation of Insulin Autoantibody Workshop.
Q28571629The antibody response to bacteriophage is linked to the lymphopenia gene in congenic BioBreeding rats
Q36047238The application of the diabetes prevention trial-type 1 risk score for identifying a preclinical state of type 1 diabetes
Q44865704The case for intravenous arginine stimulation in lieu of mixed-meal tolerance tests as outcome measure for intervention studies in recent-onset type 1 diabetes
Q27334960The development and utility of a novel scale that quantifies the glycemic progression toward type 1 diabetes over 6 months
Q37257559The effect of age on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in first-degree relatives of type 1 diabetic patients: a population analysis
Q41146074The effector T cells of diabetic subjects are resistant to regulation via CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells
Q33817024The influence of exposure to maternal diabetes in utero on the rate of decline in β-cell function among youth with diabetes
Q37368421The relationship between BMI and insulin resistance and progression from single to multiple autoantibody positivity and type 1 diabetes among TrialNet Pathway to Prevention participants
Q38012381Through the fog: recent clinical trials to preserve β-cell function in type 1 diabetes
Q37327047Treatment of patients with new onset Type 1 diabetes with a single course of anti-CD3 mAb Teplizumab preserves insulin production for up to 5 years
Q90655323Treatment of type 1 diabetes with teplizumab: clinical and immunological follow-up after 7 years from diagnosis
Q33683763Trends of earlier and later responses of C-peptide to oral glucose challenges with progression to type 1 diabetes in diabetes prevention trial-type 1 participants
Q34055005Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet--an international collaborative clinical trials network
Q88112314Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet: A Multifaceted Approach to Bringing Disease-Modifying Therapy to Clinical Use in Type 1 Diabetes
Q34775694Type 1 diabetes intervention trials: what have we learned? A critical review of selected intervention trials
Q37252933Type 1 diabetes mellitus: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention
Q43555565Type I diabetes manifested solely by 2-h oral glucose tolerance test criteria
Q46486153Understanding and preventing type 1 diabetes through the unique working model of TrialNet
Q33902878Urinary excretion of RAS, BMP, and WNT pathway components in diabetic kidney disease
Q44194569Use of a "fuzzy logic" controller in a closed-loop artificial pancreas
Q46712450Use of oral glucose minimal model-derived index of insulin sensitivity in subjects with early type 1 diabetes mellitus
Q30574604Use of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score (DPTRS) for improving the accuracy of the risk classification of type 1 diabetes
Q30502785Validation of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score in the TrialNet Natural History Study
Q90316015Who Is Enrolling? The Path to Monitoring in Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet's Pathway to Prevention
Q35976503Zinc transporter-8 autoantibodies improve prediction of type 1 diabetes in relatives positive for the standard biochemical autoantibodies

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