| review article | Q7318358 |
| scholarly article | Q13442814 |
| P356 | DOI | 10.1111/J.1469-185X.1989.TB00636.X |
| P698 | PubMed publication ID | 2655726 |
| P2093 | author name string | Elgar MA | |
| P2860 | cites work | Geometry for the selfish herd | Q28250238 |
| On the advantages of flocking | Q34217683 | ||
| An experimental study of feeding, vigilance and predator avoidance in a single bird. | Q54415896 | ||
| Predation risk and foraging behavior of the hoary marmot in Alaska | Q56031703 | ||
| Cheetah mothers' vigilance: looking out for prey or for predators? | Q56082020 | ||
| Experimental analysis of the social value of flocking by starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in relation to predation and foraging | Q56210570 | ||
| Group foraging in wild brown hares: effects of resource distribution and social status | Q56226178 | ||
| Flocking as an anti-predator strategy in doves | Q56384858 | ||
| Vigilance and group size in ostriches | Q56484039 | ||
| Flocking and predator surveillance in house sparrows: Test of an hypothesis | Q57067439 | ||
| Avian flocking in the presence of a predator | Q59082722 | ||
| P433 | issue | 1 | |
| P921 | main subject | predation | Q170430 |
| P304 | page(s) | 13-33 | |
| P577 | publication date | 1989-02-01 | |
| P1433 | published in | Biological Reviews | Q2500948 |
| P1476 | title | Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: a critical review of the empirical evidence | |
| P478 | volume | 64 |
| Q51193853 | A community-level evaluation of the impact of prey behavioural and ecological characteristics on predator diet composition. |
| Q51417831 | A comparative study of an innate immune response in Lamprologine cichlid fishes. |
| Q53643029 | A simple rule for the costs of vigilance: empirical evidence from a social forager. |
| Q58796879 | Affect-Driven Attention Biases as Animal Welfare Indicators: Review and Methods |
| Q30474446 | Age and sex influence marmot antipredator behavior during periods of heightened risk |
| Q58487023 | Antipredator behaviour of red-necked pademelons: a factor contributing to species survival? |
| Q33963906 | Approximating optimal behavioural strategies down to rules-of-thumb: energy reserve changes in pairs of social foragers |
| Q46256109 | Assessing enclosure design and husbandry practices for successful keeping and breeding of the Burmese brow antlered deer (Eld's deer, Rucervus eldii thamin) in European zoos |
| Q33959236 | Balancing the dilution and oddity effects: decisions depend on body size |
| Q92059293 | Behavioral adjustments to prior predation experience and food deprivation of a common cyprinid fish species vary between singletons and a group |
| Q28140507 | Behavioral, neurophysiological and evolutionary perspectives on unihemispheric sleep |
| Q57005686 | Behavioural Responses of European Roe Deer to Temporal Variation in Predation Risk |
| Q40591677 | Behavioural defense against parasites: interaction with parasite invasiveness |
| Q33811813 | Birds of a feather flock together: Insights into starling murmuration behaviour revealed using citizen science |
| Q55479306 | Black-headed gulls synchronise their activity with their nearest neighbours. |
| Q59808417 | Body proportions for the facilitation of walking, running and flying: the case of partridges |
| Q61655324 | Boldness traits, not dominance, predict exploratory flight range and homing behaviour in homing pigeons |
| Q33772940 | Breeding chronology and social interactions affect ungulate foraging behavior at a concentrated food resource |
| Q51561847 | Can rare positive interactions become common when large carnivores consume livestock? |
| Q55511961 | Catch the wave: prairie dogs assess neighbours' awareness using contagious displays. |
| Q53755760 | Changes in physiological stress and behaviour in semi-free-ranging red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus) following antiparasitic treatment. |
| Q60128673 | Chapter 19 Elk Group Size and Wolf Predation |
| Q30653400 | Cliffs used as communal roosts by Andean condors protect the birds from weather and predators |
| Q78555177 | Coexistence of species in a defensive switching model |
| Q56837706 | Collective decision making in guppies: a cross-population comparison study in the wild |
| Q41913304 | Collective learning in route navigation |
| Q80738463 | Competition in foraging flocks of migrating semipalmated sandpipers |
| Q34570901 | Confirmation bias in studies of nestmate recognition: a cautionary note for research into the behaviour of animals |
| Q34058592 | Coordination and synchronisation of anti-predation vigilance in two crane species |
| Q28546482 | Copper Pollution Increases the Relative Importance of Predation Risk in an Aquatic Food Web |
| Q92963866 | Cost of dispersal in a social mammal: body mass loss and increased stress |
| Q36355040 | Costs and benefits of group living are neither simple nor linear. |
| Q39412451 | Costs and benefits of group living in primates: an energetic perspective |
| Q35263740 | Costs of mate-guarding in wild male long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis): physiological stress and aggression |
| Q30411981 | Craving Ravens: Individual 'haa' Call Rates at Feeding Sites as Cues to Personality and Levels of Fission-Fusion Dynamics? |
| Q79733331 | Cross-continental differences in patterns of predation: will naive moose in Scandinavia ever learn? |
| Q46894961 | Development, maternal effects, and behavioral plasticity |
| Q27334964 | Disturbance-specific social responses in long-finned pilot whales, Globicephala melas |
| Q58486479 | Do Yellow-Bellied Marmots Perceive Enhanced Predation Risk When they are Farther from safety? An experimental study |
| Q58311860 | Do kleptoparasites reduce their own foraging effort in order to detect kleptoparasitic opportunities?: An empirical test of a key assumption of kleptoparasitic models |
| Q96348575 | Drosophila melanogaster behaviour changes in different social environments based on group size and density |
| Q61445649 | Dynamic colour change and the confusion effect against predation |
| Q92257989 | Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) Vigilance Behaviour Varies between Human-Modified and Natural Environments |
| Q33750047 | Ecological and hormonal correlates of antipredator behavior in adult Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) |
| Q55967429 | Ecological factors influencing group sizes of river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis and Sotalia fluviatilis) |
| Q111946311 | Ecology and movement of urban koalas adjacent to linear infrastructure in coastal south-east Queensland |
| Q47292887 | Effect of group size on tonic immobility in laying hens. |
| Q58703938 | Effects of Intraguild Predation: Evaluating Resource Competition between Two Canid Species with Apparent Niche Separation |
| Q33652474 | Effects of Wolves on Elk and Cattle Behaviors: Implications for Livestock Production and Wolf Conservation |
| Q59160238 | Effects of lions on behaviour and endocrine stress in plains zebras |
| Q90052995 | Egalitarian mixed-species bird groups enhance winter survival of subordinate group members but only in high-quality forests |
| Q91754458 | Environment shapes sleep patterns in a wild nocturnal primate |
| Q73815109 | Evidence for a rule governing the avoidance of superfluous escape flights |
| Q92378287 | Evolution and Functional Differentiation of the Diaphragm Muscle of Mammals |
| Q58606898 | Exploring Interactions between the Gut Microbiota and Social Behavior through Nutrition |
| Q28109632 | Exploring the evolution of a trade-off between vigilance and foraging in group-living organisms |
| Q34246685 | Exposure to humans and activity pattern of European souslik (Spermophilus citellus) in zoo conditions |
| Q49515305 | Factors determining presence of passerines breeding within White Stork Ciconia ciconia nests |
| Q48738771 | Facultative control of avian unihemispheric sleep under the risk of predation |
| Q56387734 | Facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler |
| Q51144591 | Fitness trade-offs of group formation and movement by Thomson's gazelles in the Serengeti ecosystem. |
| Q51650981 | Flights of fear: a mechanical wing whistle sounds the alarm in a flocking bird. |
| Q35649506 | Genetic influences on social attention in free-ranging rhesus macaques. |
| Q93603824 | Geometry for a selfish foraging group: a genetic algorithm approach |
| Q58311855 | Good foragers can also be good at detecting predators |
| Q35634618 | Gravel bars can be critical for biodiversity conservation: a case study on scaly-sided Merganser in South china |
| Q74099226 | Grazing behaviour of sheep in a situation of conflict between feeding and social motivations |
| Q51957284 | Gregarious behaviour of evasive prey. |
| Q47210892 | Group size and perching behaviour in young domestic fowl. |
| Q64944162 | Group size effects on inter-blink interval as an indicator of antipredator vigilance in wild baboons. |
| Q34278451 | Group-living herbivores weigh up food availability and dominance status when making patch-joining decisions |
| Q73581111 | Group-size effects on vigilance: a search for mechanisms |
| Q44844845 | Habitat quality and heterogeneity influence distribution and behavior in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). |
| Q60160837 | Habitat-mediated predation risk and decision making of small birds at forest edges |
| Q52670560 | Hairworm anti-predator strategy: a study of causes and consequences. |
| Q35857731 | Heritable basis for choice of group size in a colonial bird |
| Q33883367 | How group size affects vigilance dynamics and time allocation patterns: the key role of imitation and tempo |
| Q35620749 | Indirect genetic effects and the dynamics of social interactions |
| Q48043551 | Indirect risk effects reduce feeding efficiency of ducks during spring. |
| Q57930932 | Individuals in larger groups are more successful on spatial discrimination tasks |
| Q27318757 | Infants use relative numerical group size to infer social dominance |
| Q110697816 | Influence of human activities, social and environmental variables on the behavior of guanacos in Southern Andean Precordillera (Argentina) |
| Q96126223 | Information can explain the dynamics of group order in animal collective behaviour |
| Q38424986 | Information use in colonial living |
| Q57898554 | Integrating insights across diverse taxa: challenges for understanding social evolution |
| Q35147937 | Intraindividual variability of boldness is repeatable across contexts in a wild lizard |
| Q55982602 | Is the Information Center Hypothesis a Flop? |
| Q52743768 | Iterative evolution of increased behavioral variation characterizes the transition to sociality in spiders and proves advantageous. |
| Q58487033 | Kin Discrimination in a Macropod Marsupial |
| Q37194657 | Larger groups are more successful in innovative problem solving in house sparrows |
| Q37655987 | Leaving safety to visit a feeding site: is it optimal to hesitate while exposed? |
| Q56267954 | Life history of Kladothrips ellobus and Oncothrips rodwayi: insight into the origin and loss of soldiers in gall-inducing thrips |
| Q91529081 | Long-distance migratory shorebirds travel faster towards their breeding grounds, but fly faster post-breeding |
| Q35962980 | Look before you leap - individual variation in social vigilance shapes socio-spatial group properties in an agent-based model |
| Q58390034 | MULTI-TASKING BY MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES: OVERLAPPING PROCESSES DURING FORAGING |
| Q89876696 | Mixed company: a framework for understanding the composition and organization of mixed-species animal groups |
| Q46152364 | Modeling the lowest-cost splitting of a herd of cows by optimizing a cost function |
| Q35927030 | Modelling group navigation: transitive social structures improve navigational performance |
| Q44126537 | Moving on with foraging theory: incorporating movement decisions into the functional response of a gregarious shorebird |
| Q38638070 | New perspectives in gaze sensitivity research |
| Q37261022 | Nonlethal predator effects on the turn-over of wild bird flocks |
| Q34289796 | Nutmeg mannikins ( Lonchura punctulata) reduce their feeding rates in response to simulated competition |
| Q64998133 | Organization enhances collective vigilance in the hovering guards of Tetragonisca angustula bees. |
| Q35587375 | Out of Sight but Not Out of Mind? Behavioral Coordination in Red-Tailed Sportive Lemurs (Lepilemur ruficaudatus) |
| Q30474443 | Perch exposure and predation risk: a comparative study in passerines |
| Q64897740 | Physiological and behavioral stress responses to predators are altered by prior predator experience in juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis). |
| Q52805694 | Plains zebra (Equus quagga) adrenocortical activity increases during times of large aggregations in the Serengeti ecosystem. |
| Q47395681 | Predicting the optimal prey group size from predator hunting behaviour |
| Q93014659 | Prey density affects predator foraging strategy in an Antarctic ecosystem |
| Q73737475 | Prey scan at random to evade observant predators |
| Q79886408 | Prey synchronize their vigilant behaviour with other group members |
| Q52240714 | Randomness, chaos and confusion in the study of antipredator vigilance. |
| Q93604741 | Re-examining safety in numbers: interactions between risk dilution and collective detection depend upon predator targeting behaviour |
| Q37619893 | Refuge or predation risk? Alternate ways to perceive hiker disturbance based on maternal state of female caribou |
| Q40416699 | Responses of urban crows to con- and hetero-specific alarm calls in predator and non-predator zoo enclosures |
| Q80441187 | Risk allocation and competition in foraging groups: reversed effects of competition if group size varies under risk of predation |
| Q47359156 | Risk-taking behaviour in foraging young-of-the-year perch varies with population size structure |
| Q33942062 | Route-dependent switch between hierarchical and egalitarian strategies in pigeon flocks |
| Q24678427 | Safety in numbers? Shoaling behaviour of the Amazonian red-bellied piranha |
| Q33640264 | Self-improvement for team-players: the effects of individual effort on aggregated group information |
| Q33831028 | Sex-related differences in the trade-off between foraging and vigilance in a granivorous forager |
| Q48079885 | Simulated predator attacks on flocks: a comparison of tactics |
| Q43160273 | Sleeping gulls monitor the vigilance behaviour of their neighbours |
| Q45014972 | Social Complexity as a Driver of Communication and Cognition |
| Q30010512 | Social calls provide novel insights into the evolution of vocal learning |
| Q92222030 | Social information affects Canada goose alert and escape responses to vehicle approach: implications for animal-vehicle collisions |
| Q58486456 | Social security: social relationship strength and connectedness influence how marmots respond to alarm calls |
| Q30487370 | Social transmission of avoidance behavior under situational change in learned and unlearned rats |
| Q50045812 | Stronger social bonds do not always predict greater longevity in a gregarious primate. |
| Q28469095 | Swordtail fry attend to chemical and visual cues in detecting predators and conspecifics |
| Q88014064 | Temporal evolution of vigilance in roe deer |
| Q55042419 | Testing domains of danger in the selfish herd: sparrowhawks target widely spaced redshanks in flocks. |
| Q90116652 | The association between evidence of a predator threat and responsiveness to alarm calls in Western Australian magpies (Cracticus tibicen dorsalis) |
| Q41889751 | The confusion effect when attacking simulated three-dimensional starling flocks. |
| Q56391341 | The effect of group size on vigilance and feeding rate in spice finches (Lonchura punctulata) |
| Q57236296 | The effect of group size on vigilance in Ruddy TurnstonesArenaria interpresvaries with foraging habitat |
| Q39611542 | The effects of group size and reproductive status on vigilance in captive Callithrix jacchus |
| Q33320231 | The emergence of leaders and followers in foraging pairs when the qualities of individuals differ |
| Q47449651 | The group size effect on vigilance: many unanswered questions |
| Q47449638 | The group-size effect in non-feeding animals |
| Q39141319 | The intensity of interference varies with food density: support for behaviour-based models of interference |
| Q38808827 | The role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal axis in mediating predator-avoidance trade-offs. |
| Q47449645 | The search for mechanisms for group size effects on vigilance |
| Q36970996 | The social structure and strategies of delphinids: predictions based on an ecological framework |
| Q37781496 | Threat detection: Behavioral practices in animals and humans |
| Q51570909 | Toward a predictive theory of risk effects: hypotheses for prey attributes and compensatory mortality. |
| Q26740991 | Unihemispheric sleep and asymmetrical sleep: behavioral, neurophysiological, and functional perspectives |
| Q92205774 | Variation in neophobia among cliff swallows at different colonies |
| Q35175805 | Vigilance and activity time-budget adjustments of wintering hooded cranes, Grus monacha, in human-dominated foraging habitats |
| Q55872581 | Vigilance and neighbour distance in foraging flocks of red-billed choughs, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax |
| Q33643588 | Vigilance in a Cooperatively Breeding Primate |
| Q58158769 | Vigilance responding to number of conspecifics among mixed groups of cranes in demilitarized zone |
| Q43239987 | Visual fields, eye movements, and scanning behavior of a sit-and-wait predator, the black phoebe (Sayornis nigricans). |
| Q28597779 | Vocal correlates of individual sooty mangabey travel speed and direction. |
| Q91923468 | Water body type and group size affect the flight initiation distance of European waterbirds |
| Q92153950 | Weak spatiotemporal response of prey to predation risk in a freely interacting system |
| Q51713558 | When carnivores are "full and lazy". |
| Q40974636 | When to use social information: the advantage of large group size in individual decision making |
| Q35112133 | White-tailed deer vigilance: the influence of social and environmental factors |
| Q38886750 | Within-group vigilance in red colobus and redtail monkeys |
| Q39141492 | Wolf predation and snow cover as mortality factors in the ungulate community of the Bialowieża National Park, Poland. |
| Q56679389 | Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the "landscape of fear" in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A |
| Q58487055 | Yellow-Footed Rock-Wallaby Group Size Effects Reflect A Trade-Off |
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