Abstract is: Rosika Schwimmer (Hungarian: Schwimmer Rózsa; 11 September 1877 – 3 August 1948) was a Hungarian-born pacifist, feminist, world federalist, and women's suffragist. A co-founder of the Campaign for World Government with Lola Maverick Lloyd, her radical vision of world peace led to the creation of the World Federalist Movement, the first such federalist organization of the 20th century. Sixty years after she first envisaged it, the movement she helped to create indeed took a leading role in the creation of the International Criminal Court, the first permanent international tribunal tasked with charging individuals with war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. Schwimmer was born into a Jewish family in Budapest in 1877, she graduated from public school in 1891. An accomplished linguist, she spoke or read eight languages. In her early career, she had difficulty finding a job that paid a living wage and was sensitized by that experience to women's employment issues. Gathering data to provide statistics on working women, Schwimmer came into contact with members of the international women's suffrage movement and by 1904 became involved in the struggle. She co-founded the first national women's labor umbrella organization in Hungary and the Hungarian Feminist Association. She also assisted in organizing the Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, hosted in Budapest in 1913. The following year, Schwimmer was hired as a press secretary of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in London. When World War I broke out, she was branded an enemy alien and left Europe for the United States, where she spoke on suffrage and pacifism. She was one of the founders of the Woman's Peace Party and the organization which would become the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. In 1915, after attending the International Congress of Women in The Hague, she worked with other feminists to persuade foreign ministers in Europe to support the creation of a body to peacefully mediate world affairs and was instrumental in convincing Henry Ford to charter the Peace Ship. From 1916 to 1918, Schwimmer lived in Europe working on various plans to end the war. With the establishment of the First Hungarian Republic, she was appointed as one of the world's first female ambassadors (from Hungary to Switzerland) in 1918. When the Republic was toppled by a coup d'état, she fled to the United States, renouncing her Hungarian citizenship. Applying for naturalization, Schwimmer was rejected on the basis of her pacifism. The case was overturned on appeal in 1928, and the following year the appeal was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court in the decision United States v. Schwimmer. For the remainder of her life, she remained stateless. Unable to work because of ill-health and a smear campaign, she was supported by loyal friends. In 1935, Schwimmer and Mary Ritter Beard established the World Center for Women's Archives to create an educational reference for women's history and document the individual and organizational achievements of influential women. She was one of the first world federalists, proposing a world government in 1937. Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1948, she died before the committee decided not to award it that year. In 1952, naturalization laws in the United States were changed to allow for conscientious objection.
human | Q5 |
P4823 | American National Biography ID | 1500607 |
P11496 | CiNii Research ID | 1140845216599632128 |
P8851 | CONOR.SR ID | 35819111 |
P7902 | Deutsche Biographie (GND) ID | 11743079X |
P701 | Dodis ID | P38532 |
P7578 | DUC ID | rozsa-bedy-schwimmer |
P9430 | Encyclopedia of Jewish Women ID | schwimmer-rosika |
P1417 | Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID | biography/Rosika-Schwimmer |
P2163 | FAST ID | 274547 |
P6722 | FemBio ID | 24890 |
P535 | Find a Grave memorial ID | 217926273 |
P9371 | FranceArchives agent ID | 166012774 |
P8544 | Frauen in Bewegung 1848–1938 ID | 1552 |
P646 | Freebase ID | /m/05_80s |
P227 | GND ID | 11743079X |
P11621 | Hungarian National Namespace person ID (new) | 664110 |
P269 | IdRef ID | 15861240X |
P213 | ISNI | 0000000082028533 |
P244 | Library of Congress authority ID | n90687544 |
P8998 | Magyar életrajzi lexikon ID | ABC00523/01368 |
P271 | NACSIS-CAT author ID | DA15673810 |
P10227 | National Library of Ireland ID | vtls002171523 |
P949 | National Library of Israel ID (old) | 001718080 |
P8189 | National Library of Israel J9U ID | 987007526400105171 |
P3222 | NE.se ID | rosika-schwimmer |
P691 | NL CR AUT ID | uk20201080826 |
P3360 | Nobel Prize People Nomination ID | 8292 |
P1207 | NUKAT ID | n2019012882 |
P648 | Open Library ID | OL2348718A |
P3973 | PIM authority ID | PIM47136 |
P7293 | PLWABN ID | 9811470048605606 |
P12483 | PMB – Personen der Moderne Basis person ID | 167371 |
P3065 | RERO ID (obsolete) | 02-A008646513 |
P3430 | SNAC ARK ID | w69g607v |
P2734 | Unz Review author ID | SchwimmerRosika |
P6821 | Uppsala University Alvin ID | alvin-person:44089 |
P214 | VIAF ID | 16393160 |
P7947 | WeChangEd ID | wcd_00824_id |
P2533 | WomenWriters ID | b8aab3a6-2b18-45d9-8b72-ce6901213630 |
P10832 | WorldCat Entities ID | E39PBJpytGkdgVfkKpKvxbd4v3 |
P8569 | YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe ID | Schwimmer_Rozsika |
P485 | archives at | Atria Institute on gender equality and women's history | Q1289222 |
P509 | cause of death | pneumonia | Q12192 |
P27 | country of citizenship | Hungary | Q28 |
P1343 | described by source | A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries | Q108665654 |
??? | Q124097894 | ||
P734 | family name | Schwimmer | Q21449746 |
Schwimmer | Q21449746 | ||
Schwimmer | Q21449746 | ||
P101 | field of work | feminism | Q7252 |
journalism | Q11030 | ||
pacifism | Q58848 | ||
lectorship | Q115161050 | ||
P735 | given name | Rózsa | Q16290983 |
Rózsa | Q16290983 | ||
P1412 | languages spoken, written or signed | German | Q188 |
Hungarian | Q9067 | ||
P1196 | manner of death | natural causes | Q3739104 |
P463 | member of | Women's International League for Peace and Freedom | Q689768 |
International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace | Q60564688 | ||
P1559 | name in native language | Rosika "Rózsa" Bédy-Schwimmer | |
P1411 | nominated for | Nobel Peace Prize | Q35637 |
P106 | occupation | politician | Q82955 |
editor | Q1607826 | ||
journalist | Q1930187 | ||
lecturer | Q9379869 | ||
non-fiction writer | Q15980158 | ||
peace activist | Q16323111 | ||
suffragist | Q27532437 | ||
P5008 | on focus list of Wikimedia project | gender gap on Dutch Wikipedia | Q60687720 |
P119 | place of burial | Ferncliff Cemetery | Q1771319 |
P39 | position held | ambassador of Hungary to Switzerland | Q63037324 |
P1038 | relative | Leopold Katscher | Q4217528 |
Bertha Katscher | Q24284546 | ||
P140 | religion or worldview | atheism | Q7066 |
P21 | sex or gender | female | Q6581072 |
P2031 | work period (start) | 1895-01-01 |
Q4728302 | All-Party Group for World Governance |
Q16013765 | Henry Usborne |
Q125124646 | World Parliament Association |
Q88568242 | A nő és a társadalom | editor | P98 |
Q24284546 | Bertha Katscher | relative | P1038 |
Q18386297 | Campaign for World Government | board member | P3320 |
Q103878715 | Schwimmer, Rosika (1877-1948), pacifist and feminist | main subject | P921 |
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