Abstract is: Habib Bourguiba (/bʊərˈɡiːbə/; Arabic: الحبيب بورقيبة, romanized: al-Ḥabīb Būrqībah; 3 August 1903 – 6 April 2000) was a Tunisian lawyer, nationalist leader and statesman who led the country from 1956 to 1957 as the prime minister of the Kingdom of Tunisia (1956–57) then as the first president of Tunisia (1957–87). Prior to his presidency, he led the nation to independence from France, ending the 75-year-old protectorate and earning the title of "Supreme Combatant". Born in Monastir to a poor family, he attended Sadiki College then Lycée Carnot in Tunis, before obtaining his baccalaureate in 1924. He graduated from the University of Paris and the Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po) in 1927 and returned to Tunis to practice law. In the early 1930s, he became involved in anti-colonial and Tunisian national politics, joining the Destour party and co-founding the Neo Destour in 1934. He rose as a key figure of the independence movement and was repeatedly arrested by the colonial administration. His involvement in the riots of 9 April 1938 resulted in his exile to Marseille during World War II. In 1945, Bourguiba was released and moved to Cairo, Egypt, to seek the support of the Arab League. He returned to the country in 1949 and rose to prominence as the leader of the national movement. Although initially committed to peaceful negotiations with the French government, he had an effective role in the armed unrest that started in 1952 when they proved to be unsuccessful. He was arrested and imprisoned on La Galite Island for two years, before being exiled in France. There, he led negotiations with Prime minister Pierre Mendès France and obtained internal autonomy agreements in exchange for the end of the unrest. Bourguiba returned victorious to Tunis on 1 June 1955, but was challenged by Salah Ben Youssef in the party leadership. Ben Youssef and his supporters disagreed with Bourguiba's "soft" policies and demanded full independence of the Maghreb. This resulted in a civil war that opposed Bourguibists, who favored a stepwise policy and modernism, and Youssefists, the conservative Arab nationalist supporters of Ben Youssef. The conflict ended with the Sfax Congress of 1955 in favor of Bourguiba. Following the country's independence in 1956, Bourguiba was appointed prime minister by king Muhammad VIII al-Amin and acted as de facto ruler before proclaiming the Republic, on 25 July 1957. He was elected interim President of Tunisia by parliament until the ratification of the Constitution. During his rule, he implemented a strong education system, worked on developing the economy, supported gender equality and proclaimed a neutral foreign policy, making him an exception among Arab leaders. The main reform that was passed was the Code of Personal Status which settled a modern society. He set a strong presidential system which turned to be a twenty-year one-party state dominated by his own, the Socialist Destourian Party. A cult of personality also developed around him, before he proclaimed himself president for life in 1975, during his fourth 5-year term. The end of his 30-year rule was marked by his declining health, a war of succession, and the rise of clientelism and Islamism. On 7 November 1987 he was removed from power by his prime minister, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, and kept under house arrest in a residence in Monastir. He remained there to his death and was buried in a mausoleum he had previously built.
human | Q5 |
P4514 | Africultures person ID | 10279 |
P8902 | Archives at Yale agent ID | people/67689 |
P9231 | Archivo Linz de la Transición Española ID | 77186 |
P3630 | Babelio author ID | 259037 |
P3280 | BAnQ authority ID | 0000099366 |
P268 | Bibliothèque nationale de France ID | 12014190p |
P5375 | BIU Santé person ID | 16169 |
P1711 | British Museum person or institution ID | 154476 |
P5019 | Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID | bourguiba-habib-ben-ali |
P8179 | Canadiana Name Authority ID | ncf12070881 |
P11496 | CiNii Research ID | 1140000791857114880 |
P8313 | Den Store Danske ID | Habib_Bourguiba |
P7902 | Deutsche Biographie (GND) ID | 11866235X |
P8795 | Diamond Catalogue ID for persons and organisations | 16266 |
P1953 | Discogs artist ID | 4158028 |
P701 | Dodis ID | P15772 |
P1309 | EGAXA ID | vtls000766304 |
P10565 | Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition) ID | 30926 |
P1417 | Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID | biography/Habib-Bourguiba |
P3219 | Encyclopædia Universalis ID | habib-bourguiba |
P5617 | Evene ID | habib-bourguiba-2001 |
P2163 | FAST ID | 55714 |
P535 | Find a Grave memorial ID | 13789527 |
P9371 | FranceArchives agent ID | 214089713 |
P646 | Freebase ID | /m/022rws |
P7818 | French Vikidia ID | Habib_Bourguiba |
P227 | GND ID | 11866235X |
P10297 | Google Arts & Culture entity ID | m022rws |
P12385 | Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID | habib-ibn-ali-bourguiba |
P1296 | Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID (former scheme) | 0011847 |
P4359 | gravsted.dk ID | habibbourguiba |
P2924 | Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID (old version) | 1889010 |
P1741 | GTAA ID | 85120 |
P7982 | Hrvatska enciklopedija ID | 10243 |
P269 | IdRef ID | 027287912 |
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P213 | ISNI | 0000000114725561 |
P10553 | IxTheo authority ID | 079446728 |
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P950 | National Library of Spain ID | XX862020 |
P1006 | Nationale Thesaurus voor Auteursnamen ID | 070340617 |
P3222 | NE.se ID | habib-bourguiba |
P691 | NL CR AUT ID | jx20040629004 |
P1315 | NLA Trove people ID | 1255601 |
P3360 | Nobel Prize People Nomination ID | 14065 |
P1015 | NORAF ID | 90392893 |
P1207 | NUKAT ID | n2013150464 |
P856 | official website | https://www.bourguiba.com |
P7305 | Online PWN Encyclopedia ID | 3882102 |
P648 | Open Library ID | OL881813A |
P6677 | OpenEdition Books author ID | bourguiba habib |
P12582 | Oxford Reference overview ID | 20110803095521716 |
P12458 | Parsifal cluster ID | 445988 |
P7293 | PLWABN ID | 9810594047005606 |
P4293 | PM20 folder ID | pe/002776 |
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P7929 | Roglo person ID | p=habib;n=bourguiba |
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P3987 | SHARE Catalogue author ID | 646430 |
P3430 | SNAC ARK ID | w6bw1jbc |
P4342 | Store norske leksikon ID | Habib_Bourguiba |
P8899 | Swedish National Library Arken ID | Bourguiba,-Habib-Ben-Ali |
P3365 | Treccani ID | al-habib-bu-rqiba |
P6404 | Treccani's Dizionario di Storia ID | al-habib-bu-rqiba |
P1225 | U.S. National Archives Identifier | 10581384 |
P1580 | University of Barcelona authority ID (former scheme) | a1008037 |
P2734 | Unz Review author ID | BourguibaHabib |
P214 | VIAF ID | 51700583 |
P12800 | Vikidia ID | fr:Habib_Bourguiba |
P7666 | Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija ID | habib-burgiba |
P10832 | WorldCat Entities ID | E39PBJgRVvtfJXM4v3jw89kJjC |
P2605 | ČSFD person ID | 112222 |
P166 | award received | Order of St. Olav | Q94345 |
Royal Order of the Seraphim | Q1331130 | ||
Order of the Elephant | Q976544 | ||
Order of the Republic | Q2304559 | ||
Order of Independence | Q2338066 | ||
Grand Cross of the Order of Wissam El Alaouite | Q17200167 | ||
Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic | Q17366068 | ||
Collar of the Spanish Order of the Civil Merit | Q29383181 | ||
honorary doctor of Sofia University | Q59560494 | ||
The honorary doctor of Lebanese University | Q101091907 | ||
Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland | Q23769799 | ||
Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic | Q14539990 | ||
P40 | child | Habib Bourguiba, Jr. | Q586623 |
P27 | country of citizenship | Tunisia | Q948 |
French protectorate of Tunisia | Q2017684 | ||
P1343 | described by source | Africa: An Encyclopedic Reference | Q115653803 |
Obalky knih.cz | Q67311526 | ||
Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978) | Q17378135 | ||
P69 | educated at | University of Paris | Q209842 |
Sadiki College | Q2983656 | ||
Carnot Lyceum of Tunis | Q3268616 | ||
P735 | given name | Habib | Q11722500 |
Habib | Q11722500 | ||
P1412 | languages spoken, written or signed | French | Q150 |
Arabic | Q13955 | ||
P1050 | medical condition | Parkinson's disease | Q11085 |
P102 | member of political party | Neo Destour | Q1507590 |
P1559 | name in native language | الحبيب بورقيبة | |
P103 | native language | Arabic | Q13955 |
P106 | occupation | lawyer | Q40348 |
politician | Q82955 | ||
P119 | place of burial | Monastir | Q208715 |
P39 | position held | Prime Minister of Tunisia | Q1064106 |
Minister of Defence | Q110463674 | ||
Speaker of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People | Q3409183 | ||
President of Tunisia | Q14911897 | ||
Minister of Foreign Affairs | Q27235647 | ||
P140 | religion or worldview | Islam | Q432 |
P21 | sex or gender | male | Q6581097 |
P26 | spouse | Wassila Ben Ammar | Q507152 |
Moufida Bourguiba | Q926305 | ||
P910 | topic's main category | Category:Habib Bourguiba | Q24706956 |
FileName: Bourguiba Tomb in Mausoleum.jpg
Description: Habib Bourguiba mausoleum, Monastir, Tunisia
Artist: Weisser83 at English Wikipedia
License: Public domain
FileName: Signature Habib Bourguiba.svg
Description: Signature du premier président de Tunisie Habib Bourguiba d'après une photo de 1980
Artist: Traced by Habib M’henni
License: Public domain
Q200425 | Avenue Habib Bourguiba |
Q12201681 | Borj Bourguiba |
Q107238052 | Bourguiba initiative |
Q4950170 | Bourguibism |
Q19749328 | Gare Habib Bourguiba Monastir |
Q19240436 | Habib Bourguiba Street |
Q16888395 | Hammam Bourguiba |
Q30254315 | Hopital Universitaire Habib Bourguiba |
Q16335626 | Leader Habib Bourguiba Museum |
Q666704 | Monastir Habib Bourguiba International Airport |
Q113010870 | Pavillon Habib Bourguiba |
Q14629242 | esplanade Habib-Bourguiba |
Q23640011 | Bust of Habib Bourguiba |
Q113662592 | News from the World, June 1963 |
Q113669877 | News from the World: June 1955 |
Q112613127 | Visit by Tunisian President to Morocco, 1958 |
Q586623 | Habib Bourguiba, Jr. | father | P22 |
Q24951649 | early life of Habib Bourguiba | facet of | P1269 |
Q24706956 | Category:Habib Bourguiba | category's main topic | P301 |
Q1232615 | Socialist Destourian Party | chairperson | P488 |
Q895226 | Bourguiba family | has part(s) | P527 |
Q2990555 | complot contre Habib Bourguiba | target | P533 |
Q287550 | 1967 Mediterranean Games | officially opened by | P542 |
Q28223385 | bibliography of Habib Bourguiba | main subject | P921 |
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