Development and optimization of anti-HIV nucleoside analogs and prodrugs: A review of their cellular pharmacology, structure-activity relationships and pharmacokinetics

scientific article

Development and optimization of anti-HIV nucleoside analogs and prodrugs: A review of their cellular pharmacology, structure-activity relationships and pharmacokinetics is …
instance of (P31):
scholarly articleQ13442814

External links are
P356DOI10.1016/S0169-409X(99)00023-X
P698PubMed publication ID10837771

P2093author name stringChu CK
Boudinot FD
Tan X
P2860cites work3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (BW A509U): an antiviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in vitroQ24609215
Conversion of 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (ddA) and 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (d4A) to their corresponding aryloxyphosphoramidate derivatives markedly potentiates their activity against human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus.Q41103590
Lack of mitochondrial toxicity in CEM cells treated with carbovirQ41112334
Synthesis, in vitro antiviral evaluation, and stability studies of bis(S-acyl-2-thioethyl) ester derivatives of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA) as potential PMEA prodrugs with improved oral bioavailabilityQ41145728
Stavudine: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and clinical potential in HIV infectionQ41155364
Anti-HIV and anti-HBV activity and resistance profile of 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC) and its arylphosphoramidate derivative CF 1109.Q41175526
Decomposition pathways and in vitro HIV inhibitory effects of isoddA pronucleotides: toward a rational approach for intracellular delivery of nucleoside 5'-monophosphatesQ41199145
Activity of the (R)-enantiomers of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-adenine and 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine against human immunodeficiency virus in different human cell systemsQ41228599
Didanosine. An update on its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of HIV diseaseQ41258882
Mononucleoside phosphotriester derivatives with S-acyl-2-thioethyl bioreversible phosphate-protecting groups: intracellular delivery of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine 5'-monophosphateQ41293010
3'-Azidothymidine (zidovudine) inhibits glycosylation and dramatically alters glycosphingolipid synthesis in whole cells at clinically relevant concentrationsQ41293185
Lamivudine. A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of HIV infectionQ41429010
Equal inhibition of the replication of human immunodeficiency virus in human T-cell culture by ddA bis(SATE)phosphotriester and 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidineQ41455578
Zalcitabine. An update of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy in the management of HIV infectionQ41494492
Intracellular delivery of nucleoside monophosphates through a reductase-mediated activation processQ41523354
Intracellular delivery of bioactive AZT nucleotides by aryl phosphate derivatives of AZT.Q41559264
L-beta-(2S,4S)- and L-alpha-(2S,4R)-dioxolanyl nucleosides as potential anti-HIV agents: asymmetric synthesis and structure-activity relationshipsQ41566380
Clinical pharmacokinetics of stavudineQ41619569
Cellular metabolism of (−) enantiomeric 2′-deoxy-3′-thiacytidineQ41623558
A pro-drug of zidovudine with enhanced efficacy against human immunodeficiency virusQ42197722
3'-Fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-5-chlorouridine: most selective anti-HIV-1 agent among a series of new 2'- and 3'-fluorinated 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analoguesQ42198620
Synthesis of the 2-chloro analogues of 3'-deoxyadenosine, 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine, and 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine as potential antiviral agentsQ42199295
The in vitro and in vivo anti-retrovirus activity, and intracellular metabolism of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine are highly dependent on the cell speciesQ42200271
Anti-retrovirus activity of 3'-fluoro- and 3'-azido-substituted pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analoguesQ42200557
5-Chloro-substituted derivatives of 2', 3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine, 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine and 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine as anti-HIV agentsQ42203317
Phosphorylation, anti-HIV activity and cytotoxicity of 3'-fluorothymidineQ42209693
AIDS dementia: synthesis and properties of a derivative of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) that may become 'locked' in the central nervous systemQ42209697
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of different sugar-modified pyrimidine and purine nucleosidesQ42209893
Enhanced in vitro inhibition of HIV-1 replication by 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine compared to several other nucleoside analogsQ42211069
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agentsQ42216602
Synthesis and antiviral (HIV-1, HBV) activities of 5-halo-6-methoxy(or azido)-5,6-dihydro-3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine diastereomers. Potential prodrugs to 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidineQ42282080
Synthesis, in vitro biological stability, and anti-HIV activity of 5-halo-6-alkoxy(or azido)-5,6-dihydro-3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine diastereomers as potential prodrugs to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT).Q42283044
Synthesis, oral bioavailability determination, and in vitro evaluation of prodrugs of the antiviral agent 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA).Q42283381
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2',3'-dideoxy-L-pyrimidine nucleosides as potential antiviral agents against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV).Q42285159
Enhanced brain delivery of an anti-HIV nucleoside 2'-F-ara-ddI by xanthine oxidase mediated biotransformationQ42285160
Prodrugs of 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine (D4T): synthesis, antiviral activity, and rapid pharmacokinetic evaluationQ42286049
Antiviral activity of 2',3'-dideoxy-beta-L-5-fluorocytidine (beta-L-FddC) and 2',3'-dideoxy-beta-L-cytidine (beta-L-ddC) against hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitroQ42287587
1,3-dioxolanylpurine nucleosides (2R,4R) and (2R,4S) with selective anti-HIV-1 activity in human lymphocytesQ42289237
Aryl phosphoramidate derivatives of d4T have improved anti-HIV efficacy in tissue culture and may act by the generation of a novel intracellular metabolite.Q42556146
Design and synthesis of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro-beta-L-cytidine (beta-L-d4C) and 2',3'-dideoxy 2',3'-didehydro-beta-L-5-fluorocytidine (beta-L-Fd4C), two exceptionally potent inhibitors of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and potent inhibitors ofQ42556536
Inhibitory effect of 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides on infectivity, cytopathic effects, and replication of human immunodeficiency virusQ24619823
Phosphorylation of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and selective interaction of the 5'-triphosphate with human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptaseQ24629039
Structure of thymidylate kinase reveals the cause behind the limiting step in AZT activationQ27741328
(-)-2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine is a potent, highly selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 replication in vitroQ28316326
Greatly enhanced inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in CEM and HT4-6C cells by 3'-deoxythymidine diphosphate dimyristoylglycerol, a lipid prodrug of 3'-deoxythymidineQ28316971
Synthesis and antiviral activity of deoxy analogs of 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine (HEPT) as potent and selective anti-HIV-1 agentsQ28317878
Comparisons of anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities, cellular transport, and plasma and intracellular pharmacokinetics of 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidineQ28318354
The separated enantiomers of 2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine (BCH 189) both inhibit human immunodeficiency virus replication in vitroQ28319933
Asymmetric synthesis of 1,3-dioxolane-pyrimidine nucleosides and their anti-HIV activityQ28320094
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of isonucleosidesQ28320636
Aryl phosphate derivatives of AZT retain activity against HIV1 in cell lines which are resistant to the action of AZTQ28321177
Comparison of in vitro biological properties and mouse toxicities of three thymidine analogs active against human immunodeficiency virusQ28323353
Synthesis and anti-HIV-1 activity of 2'-"up"-fluoro analogs of active anti-AIDS nucleosides 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (DDC)Q28323437
5'-O-phosphonomethyl-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides: synthesis and anti-HIV activityQ28323465
Intracellular metabolism and mechanism of anti-retrovirus action of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, a potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus compoundQ28323687
Potent and selective inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by 5-ethyl-6-phenylthiouracil derivatives through their interaction with the HIV-1 reverse transcriptaseQ28323740
9-[(2RS)-3-fluoro-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl] derivatives of purines: a class of highly selective antiretroviral agents in vitro and in vivoQ28323877
Lipophilic glycosyl phosphotriester derivatives of AZT: synthesis, NMR transmembrane transport study, and antiviral activityQ28323912
Activity of acyclic 6-(phenylselenenyl)pyrimidine nucleosides against human immunodeficiency viruses in primary lymphocytesQ28324156
Cellular uptake of phosphonylmethoxyalkylpurine derivativesQ28325396
The anti-hepatitis B virus activities, cytotoxicities, and anabolic profiles of the (-) and (+) enantiomers of cis-5-fluoro-1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosineQ28327158
Fluorinated sugar analogues of potential anti-HIV-1 nucleosidesQ28327901
9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) effectively inhibits retrovirus replication in vitro and simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus monkeysQ28328373
Activity of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues against human immunodeficiency virus in monocyte/macrophages and peripheral blood lymphocytesQ28328550
Synthesis and anti-HIV evaluation of some phosphoramidate derivatives of AZT: studies on the effect of chain elongation on biological activityQ28328865
Acid-stable 2'-fluoro purine dideoxynucleosides as active agents against HIVQ28329208
Acyclic purine phosphonate analogues as antiviral agents. Synthesis and structure-activity relationshipsQ28330329
Overview of phase I trials of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI) conducted on adult patientsQ28330617
Lipophilic halogenated congeners of 2',3'-dideoxypurine nucleosides active against human immunodeficiency virus in vitroQ28332188
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of carbocyclic 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy 2,6-disubstituted purine nucleosidesQ28332929
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of some haloalkyl phosphoramidate derivatives of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT): potent activity of the trichloroethyl methoxyalaninyl compoundQ28333018
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity and in vitro toxicity of 2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine (BCH-189), a novel heterocyclic nucleoside analogQ28333679
The National Cancer Institute phase I study of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine administration in adults with AIDS or AIDS-related complex: analysis of activity and toxicity profilesQ28334247
Targeting of antiviral drugs to T4-lymphocytes. Anti-HIV activity of neoglycoprotein-AZTMP conjugates in vitroQ28334472
2'-azido-2',3'-dideoxypyrimidine nucleosides. Synthesis and antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virusQ28335032
Synthesis and anti-HIV evaluation of 2',3'-dideoxyribo-5-chloropyrimidine analogues: reduced toxicity of 5-chlorinated 2',3'-dideoxynucleosidesQ28335034
Synthesis and antiretrovirus properties of 5'-isocyano-5'-deoxythymidine, 5'-isocyano-2',5'-dideoxyuridine, 3'-azido-5'-isocyano-3',5'-dideoxythymidine, and 3'-azido-5'-isocyano-2',3',5'-trideoxyuridineQ28335417
Specific anti-HIV-1 "acyclonucleosides" which cannot be phosphorylated: synthesis of some deoxy analogues of 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymineQ28335421
Brain targeting of anti-HIV nucleosides: synthesis and in vitro and in vivo studies of dihydropyridine derivatives of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidineQ28335649
Activities of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine nucleotide dimers in primary lymphocytes infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1Q28335917
Activities of (-)-carbovir and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine against human immunodeficiency virus in vitroQ28335926
Potent and selective in vitro activity of 3'-deoxythymidin-2'-ene (3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine) against human immunodeficiency virusQ28338276
Inhibition of HIV-associated reverse transcriptase by sugar-modified derivatives of thymidine 5'-triphosphate in comparison to cellular DNA polymerases alpha and betaQ28338394
Nucleotide dimers suppress HIV expression in vitroQ28339476
Susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro to acyclic adenosine analogs and synergy of the analogs with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidineQ28340298
A novel lead for specific anti-HIV-1 agents: 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymineQ28340333
Phosphorylation of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine and preferential inhibition of human and simian immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptases by its 5'-triphosphateQ28340356
1-(2,3-Dideoxy-beta-D-glycero-pent-2-enofuranosyl)thymine. A highly potent and selective anti-HIV agentQ28342258
Selective inhibition of human immunodeficiency viruses by racemates and enantiomers of cis-5-fluoro-1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosineQ28342752
Activities of the four optical isomers of 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (BCH-189) against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human lymphocytesQ28343244
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1/HTLV-IIIBa-L) replication in fresh and cultured human peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages by azidothymidine and related 2',3'-dideoxynucleosidesQ28359853
Phosphonylmethoxyethyl purine derivatives, a new class of anti-human immunodeficiency virus agentsQ28359877
Marked in vivo antiretrovirus activity of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, a selective anti-human immunodeficiency virus agentQ28360109
Inhibition of the in vitro infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotrophic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) by 2',3'-dideoxynucleosidesQ28360374
5-Chloro-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluorouridine (935U83), a selective anti-human immunodeficiency virus agent with an improved metabolic and toxicological profileQ28367605
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase by the 5'-triphosphate beta enantiomers of cytidine analogsQ28367642
Phosphatidylazidothymidine and phosphatidyl-ddC: assessment of uptake in mouse lymphoid tissues and antiviral activities in human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells and in Rauscher leukemia virus-infected miceQ28368058
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities of the beta-L enantiomer of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine and its 5-fluoro derivative in vitroQ28369464
Metabolism and in vitro antiretroviral activities of bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonatesQ28378408
Differential antiherpesvirus and antiretrovirus effects of the (S) and (R) enantiomers of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: potent and selective in vitro and in vivo antiretrovirus activities of (R)-9-(2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurineQ28378681
Comparative analysis of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activities of dideoxynucleoside analogs in resting and activated peripheral blood mononuclear cellsQ28378786
1592U89, a novel carbocyclic nucleoside analog with potent, selective anti-human immunodeficiency virus activityQ28378894
Unique intracellular activation of the potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus agent 1592U89Q28378905
Mechanism of anti-HIV action of masked alaninyl d4T-MP derivativesQ28378931
Antiretroviral activity and pharmacokinetics in mice of oral bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) ester prodrug of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenineQ28379083
The toxicity of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trialQ29620805
Clinical pharmacokinetics of zidovudine. An overview of current dataQ31030044
Phase I studies of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine in severe human immunodeficiency virus infection as a single agent and alternating with zidovudine (AZT).Q33444047
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of racemic 2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine in rhesus monkeysQ33745246
Pure nucleoside enantiomers of beta-2',3'-dideoxycytidine analogs are selective inhibitors of hepatitis B virus in vitroQ33759430
Potent and selective activity of a new carbocyclic nucleoside analog (carbovir: NSC 614846) against human immunodeficiency virus in vitroQ34048137
Both 2',3'-dideoxythymidine and its 2',3'-unsaturated derivative (2',3'-dideoxythymidinene) are potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus replication in vitro.Q34162927
Metabolism of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI) in human bloodQ34402837
Antiviral, metabolic, and pharmacokinetic properties of the isomeric dideoxynucleoside 4(S)-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro-2(S)-furanmethanolQ35118261
In vitro potency of inhibition by antiviral drugs of hematopoietic progenitor colony formation correlates with exposure at hemotoxic levels in human immunodeficiency virus-positive humans.Q35122740
Pharmacokinetics of (-)-beta-D-2-aminopurine dioxolane and (-)-beta-D-2-amino-6-chloropurine dioxolane and their antiviral metabolite (-)-beta-D-dioxolane guanine in rhesus monkeysQ35128085
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of carbovir, a carbocyclic nucleoside active against human immunodeficiency virus, in ratsQ35244176
Pharmacokinetics of 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine and 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine in rhesus monkeysQ35262604
HIV inhibitors targeted at the reverse transcriptaseQ35311071
3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine triphosphate as an inhibitor and substrate of purified human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptaseQ35562985
Insights into HIV chemotherapyQ35706677
Metabolism of carbovir, a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and its effects on cellular metabolismQ35814328
Ultrastructural changes associated with reduced mitochondrial DNA and impaired mitochondrial function in the presence of 2'3'-dideoxycytidineQ35900776
Pharmacokinetics of 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine and 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine in ratsQ36753413
Central nervous system targeting of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine via adenosine deaminase-activated 6-halo-dideoxypurine prodrugsQ36757759
Nucleoside and nucleobase transport in animal cellsQ39524537
In vitro bone marrow toxicity of nucleoside analogs against human immunodeficiency virusQ39819064
3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) monophosphate: an inhibitor of exonucleolytic repair of AZT-terminated DNAQ39865753
Effects of 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides on proliferation and differentiation of human pluripotent progenitors in liquid culture and their effects on mitochondrial DNA synthesisQ39866789
Studies on the biochemical basis for the antiviral activities of some nucleoside analogsQ39960550
Cellular pharmacology of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine, a nucleoside analog active against human immunodeficiency virusQ40283999
Zalcitabine. Clinical pharmacokinetics and efficacy.Q40447103
Zidovudine. An update of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacyQ40491653
Lamivudine (3TC) phosphorylation and drug interactions in vitroQ40880707
Phosphoramidate derivatives of d4T as inhibitors of HIV: the effect of amino acid variation.Q41095937
Favorable interaction of beta-L(-) nucleoside analogues with clinically approved anti-HIV nucleoside analogues for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virusQ42556922
Clinical pharmacokinetics of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine) and catabolites with formation of a toxic catabolite, 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidineQ43517743
Metabolism of the carbocyclic nucleoside analogue carbovir, an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus, in human lymphoid cellsQ43828329
Comparison of the effect of Carbovir, AZT, and dideoxynucleoside triphosphates on the activity of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and selected human polymerasesQ44362982
2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine (d4T) in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex: a phase I trialQ44495812
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activities of dideoxynucleoside phosphotriester derivatives in primary monocytes/macrophagesQ45766651
Synthesis and pharmacokinetics of a dihydropyridine chemical delivery system for the antiimmunodeficiency virus agent dideoxycytidineQ45775270
A phase I/II study of 2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine (lamivudine) in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infectionQ45785396
Evaluation of safety and efficacy of 3TC (lamivudine) in patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection: a phase I/II studyQ45785688
Pharmacokinetics of 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine in patients with severe human immunodeficiency virus infectionQ45852311
Oral bioavailability of the antiretroviral agent 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) from three formulations of the prodrug bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-PMEA in fasted male cynomolgus monkeysQ46363870
Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of prodrug 9-(beta-D-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-2-aminopurine and its antiviral metabolite 9-(beta-D-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)guanine in miceQ48643124
Role of brain tissue localized purine metabolizing enzymes in the central nervous system delivery of anti-HIV agents 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyinosine and 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine in ratsQ48693235
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of 6-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosylpurine and N6-methyl-2',3'-dideoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine as prodrugs of the anti-HIV nucleosides 2'-F-ara-ddA and 2'-F-ara-ddI.Q48863508
Food-induced reduction in bioavailability of didanosine.Q51608648
Pharmacokinetics of didanosine in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex.Q54078500
Initial studies on the cellular pharmacology of 2',3-dideoxycytidine, an inhibitor of HTLV-III infectivity.Q55243911
Phosphoramidate derivatives of 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine [d4A] have markedly improved anti-HIV potency and selectivityQ57637285
Phosphoramidate derivatives of d4T with improved anti-HIV efficacy retain full activity in thymidine kinase-deficient cellsQ57637288
In vivo Antiretroviral Efficacy of Oral bis(POM)-PMEA, the bis(Pivaloyloxymethyl)prodrug of 9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl) adenine (PMEA)Q60221034
Pharmacokinetics of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine in patients with AIDS and related disorders.Q64999195
Pharmacokinetics of stavudine in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complexQ67494226
Phosphorylation of 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine and 9-(S)-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine by AMP(dAMP) kinase from L1210 cellsQ67591973
Cytidine diphosphate diglyceride analogs of antiretroviral dideoxynucleosides: evidence for release of dideoxynucleoside-monophosphates by phospholipid biosynthetic enzymes in rat liver subcellular fractionsQ68062154
Lipid conjugates of antiretroviral agents: release of antiretroviral nucleoside monophosphates by a nucleoside diphosphate diglyceride hydrolase activity from rat liver mitochondriaQ68253009
3'-Azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (AzddU): comparative pharmacokinetics with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) in monkeysQ68758767
Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine: a novel pyrimidine analog with potential application for the treatment of patients with AIDS and related diseasesQ68942769
A dihydropyridine carrier system for sustained delivery of 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides to the brainQ69949268
Initial studies on the cellular pharmacology of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine, an inhibitor of HIV infectivityQ70369023
L- and D-enantiomers of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate analogs as substrates for human DNA polymerases. Implications for the mechanism of toxicityQ71743065
The intracellular phosphorylation of (-)-2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC) and the incorporation of 3TC 5'-monophosphate into DNA by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and human DNA polymerase gammaQ71781040
Comparative brain exposure to (-)-carbovir after (-)-carbovir or (-)-6-aminocarbovir intravenous infusion in ratsQ72040535
Membrane permeation mechanisms of 2',3'-dideoxynucleosidesQ72908065
Inhibition of mammalian DNA polymerase-associated 3' to 5' exonuclease activity by 5'-monophosphates of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidineQ72968493
Lymphatic targeting of anti-HIV nucleosides: distribution of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine after intravenous and oral administration of dipalmitoylphosphatidyl prodrug in miceQ73433451
P433issue1-3
P407language of work or nameEnglishQ1860
P921main subjectpharmacologyQ128406
pharmacokineticsQ323936
P304page(s)117-151
P577publication date1999-10-01
P1433published inAdvanced Drug Delivery ReviewsQ2825362
P1476titleDevelopment and optimization of anti-HIV nucleoside analogs and prodrugs: A review of their cellular pharmacology, structure-activity relationships and pharmacokinetics
P478volume39

Reverse relations

cites work (P2860)
Q446107713′-Azido-3′-deoxy-5′-O-isonicotinoylthymidine: A Novel Antiretroviral Analog of Zidovudine. II. Stability in Aqueous Media and Experimental and Theoretical Ionization Constants
Q58687055A Review of Electroanalytical Techniques for Determination of Anti-HIV Drugs
Q53591356AZT and AZT-monophosphate prodrugs incorporating HIV-protease substrate fragment: synthesis and evaluation as specific drug delivery systems.
Q44183663Antiretroviral activity and cytotoxicity of novel zidovudine (AZT) derivatives and the relation to their chemical structure
Q46284143Chalcogenozidovudine Derivatives With Antitumor Activity: Comparative Toxicities in Cultured Human Mononuclear Cells.
Q49554139Comparison of the diastereoisomeric excess of uridine, inosine and adenosine cyanohydrins determined by HPLC-DAD and 1H NMR.
Q36608623Correction of a genetic deficiency in pantothenate kinase 1 using phosphopantothenate replacement therapy.
Q54034689Development of novel nucleoside analogues for use against drug resistant strains of HIV-1.
Q56763260Diastereoselective Synthesis of (1,3-Dioxan-4-yl)pyrimidine and Purin Nucleoside Analogues
Q27015719Exploiting the nucleotide substrate specificity of repair DNA polymerases to develop novel anticancer agents
Q43842302Influence of a Calpha-substitution on the S-pivaloyl-2-thioethyl chain on the anti-HIV activity and stability of the resulting zidovudine mononucleoside phosphotriester
Q40936332Lipophilic prodrugs of nucleoside triphosphates as biochemical probes and potential antivirals
Q57207178Meeting report: 31st International Conference on Antiviral Research
Q27667295Novel Interactions of Fluorinated Nucleotide Derivatives Targeting Orotidine 5′-Monophosphate Decarboxylase
Q39012109Novel acyclic phosphonylated 1,2,3-triazolonucleosides with an acetamidomethyl linker: synthesis and biological activity
Q44517505Novel role of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, a glycolytic enzyme, in the activation of L-nucleoside analogs, a new class of anticancer and antiviral agents
Q47592519Nucleoside diphosphate and triphosphate prodrugs - An unsolvable task?
Q47574017Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: A Thorough Review, Present Status and Future Perspective as HIV Therapeutics
Q34582301Parallel solution-phase synthesis of an adenosine antibiotic analog library
Q44098680Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the novel synthetic C-nucleoside, 1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluoro-5-iodobenzene: a potential mimic of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine
Q37954999Self-assembled nucleolipids: from supramolecular structure to soft nucleic acid and drug delivery devices
Q28620349Substrate specificity and phosphorylation of antiviral and anticancer nucleoside analogues by human deoxyribonucleoside kinases and ribonucleoside kinases
Q37727320Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 5'-O-Dicarboxylic Fatty Acyl Monoester Derivatives of Anti-HIV Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.
Q43150268Synthesis of 3'-amino-3'-deoxyguanosine and 3'-amino-3'-deoxyxyloguanosine monophosphate HepDirect prodrugs from guanosine
Q59008139Synthesis of Oligonucleotide Conjugates and Phosphorylated Nucleotide Analogues: An Improvement to a Solid Phase Synthetic Approach
Q43100077Synthesis of beta-hydroxyphosphonate and 1,2-dihydroxy acyclic nucleoside analogs via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition strategy
Q44284308Synthesis of novel 8-substituted carbocyclic analogs of 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine with activity against hepatitis B virus
Q35979700Validation of a High-Throughput Screening Assay for Identification of Adjunctive and Directly Acting Antimicrobials Targeting Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Q100766062gamma-Non-symmetrically-dimasked TriPPPro-prodrugs as potential antivirals against HIV

Search more.