The eIF2α kinases: their structures and functions

scientific article published on 26 January 2013

The eIF2α kinases: their structures and functions is …
instance of (P31):
review articleQ7318358
scholarly articleQ13442814

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P356DOI10.1007/S00018-012-1252-6
P698PubMed publication ID23354059
P5875ResearchGate publication ID235375801

P50authorAfshin SamaliQ42156629
Adrienne M GormanQ42252939
P2093author name stringSanjeev Gupta
Neysan Donnelly
P2860cites workPancreatic eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha kinase (PEK) homologues in humans, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans that mediate translational control in response to endoplasmic reticulum stressQ22253195
Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD34 targets protein phosphatase 1 alpha to the endoplasmic reticulum and promotes dephosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2Q24293501
TRB3, a novel ER stress-inducible gene, is induced via ATF4-CHOP pathway and is involved in cell deathQ24298384
Structure of the Keap1:Nrf2 interface provides mechanistic insight into Nrf2 signalingQ24298930
Molecular cloning and characterization of the human double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase induced by interferonQ24301655
CHOP is involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis by enhancing DR5 expression in human carcinoma cellsQ24301679
Roles of CHOP/GADD153 in endoplasmic reticulum stressQ24302185
Nucleophosmin interacts with and inhibits the catalytic function of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 kinase PKRQ24311493
PACT, a protein activator of the interferon-induced protein kinase, PKR.Q24319677
Homologous regions of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha) and the vaccinia virus K3L gene product interact with the same domain within the dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR)Q24321445
C/EBP homology protein (CHOP) interacts with activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and negatively regulates the stress-dependent induction of the asparagine synthetase geneQ24336614
Protein kinase PKR is required for platelet-derived growth factor signaling of c-fos gene expression via Erks and Stat3.Q24535156
The Hsp90 chaperone complex is both a facilitator and a repressor of the dsRNA-dependent kinase PKRQ24535594
Functional characterization of Drosophila melanogaster PERK eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha) kinase.Q47071973
Nitric oxide: from a mysterious labile factor to the molecule of the Nobel Prize. Recent progress in nitric oxide researchQ48379508
UPR induces transient burst of apoptosis in islets of early lactating rats through reduced AKT phosphorylation via ATF4/CHOP stimulation of TRB3 expression.Q51553333
PERK EIF2AK3 control of pancreatic beta cell differentiation and proliferation is required for postnatal glucose homeostasis.Q52000258
Characterization of transgenic mice with targeted disruption of the catalytic domain of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR.Q52533947
The GCN2 eIF2alpha kinase regulates fatty-acid homeostasis in the liver during deprivation of an essential amino acid.Q53579178
Amino Acid Limitation Induces Expression ofCHOP, a CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein-related Gene, at Both Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional LevelsQ57033253
Higher-Order Substrate Recognition of eIF2α by the RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase PKRQ57236274
Mechanistic Link between PKR Dimerization, Autophosphorylation, and eIF2α Substrate RecognitionQ57236276
Central Role of Double-Stranded RNA-Activated Protein Kinase in Microbial Induction of Nitric Oxide SynthaseQ58666147
Involvement of Double-stranded RNA-activated Protein Kinase in the Synergistic Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and γ-Interferon in Preneuronal CellsQ58666282
A model for the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent dimerization and activation of the dsRNA-activated protein kinase PKR.Q64970986
Functional expression and characterization of the interferon-induced double-stranded RNA activated P68 protein kinase from Escherichia coliQ67702508
Kinetic studies on the successive reaction of neuronal nitric oxide synthase from L-arginine to nitric oxide and L-citrullineQ73277324
Two distinct stress signaling pathways converge upon the CHOP promoter during the mammalian unfolded protein responseQ74359929
Activation of heme-regulated eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha kinase by nitric oxide is induced by the formation of a five-coordinate NO-heme complex: optical absorption, electron spin resonance, and resonance raman spectral studiesQ75366715
Inhibition of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR by mammalian ribosomesQ77508091
Neoplastic progression in melanoma and colon cancer is associated with increased expression and activity of the interferon-inducible protein kinase, PKRQ78666553
GCN2 phosphorylation of eIF2alpha activates NF-kappaB in response to UV irradiationQ80540867
The double-strand RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR plays a significant role in a sustained ER stress-induced apoptosisQ80837343
Phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF2alpha) reduces protein synthesis and enhances apoptosis in response to proteasome inhibitionQ81347002
Tyrosine phosphorylation acts as a molecular switch to full-scale activation of the eIF2alpha RNA-dependent protein kinaseQ24535918
Modular structure of PACT: distinct domains for binding and activating PKRQ24551001
Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificityQ24562832
Upstream open reading frames: molecular switches in (patho)physiologyQ24614000
Autophosphorylation sites participate in the activation of the double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase PKRQ24647918
The Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway and its activation by oxidative stressQ24648021
Divergent effects of PERK and IRE1 signaling on cell viabilityQ27438124
Myxoma virus immunomodulatory protein M156R is a structural mimic of eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2alphaQ27639737
The unfolded protein response signals through high-order assembly of Ire1Q27653139
The structure of the PERK kinase domain suggests the mechanism for its activationQ27667715
Uncharged tRNA activates GCN2 by displacing the protein kinase moiety from a bipartite tRNA-binding domainQ27936337
Ribosome-binding domain of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 kinase GCN2 facilitates translation controlQ27938904
PKR; a sentinel kinase for cellular stressQ28137774
Perk is essential for translational regulation and cell survival during the unfolded protein responseQ28140062
PERK mediates cell-cycle exit during the mammalian unfolded protein responseQ28141519
EIF2AK3, encoding translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, is mutated in patients with Wolcott-Rallison syndromeQ28142981
RAX, a cellular activator for double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase during stress signalingQ28144380
The double-stranded RNA activated protein kinase PKR physically associates with the tumor suppressor p53 protein and phosphorylates human p53 on serine 392 in vitroQ28144828
Autophosphorylation of threonine 485 in the activation loop is essential for attaining eIF2alpha kinase activity of HRIQ28206502
S-nitrosylated protein-disulphide isomerase links protein misfolding to neurodegenerationQ28242222
A synthetic peptide substrate for initiation factor-2 kinasesQ28246248
Protein translation and folding are coupled by an endoplasmic-reticulum-resident kinaseQ28296183
The dsRNA protein kinase PKR: virus and cell controlQ28298945
ERAD inhibitors integrate ER stress with an epigenetic mechanism to activate BH3-only protein NOXA in cancer cellsQ28307506
The protein kinase PKR is required for p38 MAPK activation and the innate immune response to bacterial endotoxinQ28344558
Heme-regulated eIF2alpha kinase (HRI) is required for translational regulation and survival of erythroid precursors in iron deficiencyQ28365535
Nrf2 signaling and cell survivalQ28394210
Viral control of mitochondrial apoptosisQ28472776
Regulated translation initiation controls stress-induced gene expression in mammalian cellsQ28506388
Two heme-binding domains of heme-regulated eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha kinase. N terminus and kinase insertionQ28506814
PERK-dependent regulation of lipogenesis during mouse mammary gland development and adipocyte differentiationQ28507769
Activating transcription factor 3 is integral to the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 kinase stress responseQ28508156
CHOP is implicated in programmed cell death in response to impaired function of the endoplasmic reticulumQ28509611
P58IPK, a novel endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducible protein and potential negative regulator of eIF2alpha signalingQ34179244
PTEN Tumor Suppressor Network in PI3K-Akt Pathway ControlQ34202681
Control of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) persistence by multisite phosphorylation impacts cell cycle progression and neurogenesis.Q34236497
Both Transcriptional Regulation and Translational Control of ATF4 Are Central to the Integrated Stress ResponseQ34236755
The GCN2 eIF2alpha kinase is required for adaptation to amino acid deprivation in miceQ34286263
NADPH oxidase links endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and PKR activation to induce apoptosisQ34406716
GCN2 whets the appetite for amino acidsQ34412184
PACT and PKR: turning on NF-kappa B in the absence of virusQ34467902
Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 mediates apoptosisQ34529304
Impaired dexamethasone-mediated induction of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase in heme-deficient rat hepatocytes: translational control by a hepatic eIF2alpha kinase, the heme-regulated inhibitorQ34654876
Requirement for kinase-induced conformational change in eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha) restricts phosphorylation of Ser51.Q34693970
Intrinsic capacities of molecular sensors of the unfolded protein response to sense alternate forms of endoplasmic reticulum stressQ34698161
Phosphorylation of eIF2 facilitates ribosomal bypass of an inhibitory upstream ORF to enhance CHOP translationQ34719370
PKR-dependent CHOP induction limits hyperoxia-induced lung injury.Q34720222
Translational control of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by arginine can explain the arginine paradoxQ34961072
Eukaryotic translation initiation factors and regulatorsQ35064522
Phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 is required for activation of NF-kappaB in response to diverse cellular stressesQ35169632
Tumour hypoxia, chemotherapeutic resistance and hypoxia-related therapies.Q35202899
eIF2alpha kinases GCN2 and PERK modulate transcription and translation of distinct sets of mRNAs in mouse liverQ35209983
Increased susceptibility of breast cancer cells to stress mediated inhibition of protein synthesis.Q35560439
Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activates transcription factor NF-kappa B by phosphorylating I kappa B.Q35566028
Regulation of protein synthesis by the heme-regulated eIF2alpha kinase: relevance to anemiasQ35750943
The role of p58IPK in protecting the stressed endoplasmic reticulumQ35949048
Translational control by TOR and TAP42 through dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha kinase GCN2.Q35964633
Role of protein kinase R in double-stranded RNA-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase in human astrogliaQ36002790
Nutritional control of gene expression: how mammalian cells respond to amino acid limitationQ36191074
Coordination of ER and oxidative stress signaling: the PERK/Nrf2 signaling pathwayQ36313774
ER stress, hypoxia tolerance and tumor progression.Q36393499
Mutations in the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2 alpha) that overcome the inhibitory effect of eIF-2 alpha phosphorylation on translation initiationQ36456457
Nitric oxide and endoplasmic reticulum stressQ36462710
Inhibition of PKR by RNA and DNA virusesQ36480640
Regulation of the protein kinase PKR by the vaccinia virus pseudosubstrate inhibitor K3L is dependent on residues conserved between the K3L protein and the PKR substrate eIF2alpha.Q36569456
Erythroid expression of the heme-regulated eIF-2 alpha kinaseQ36654746
Snf1 promotes phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 by activating Gcn2 and inhibiting phosphatases Glc7 and Sit4.Q33877596
Gcn4p, a master regulator of gene expression, is controlled at multiple levels by diverse signals of starvation and stressQ33905702
Identification of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) as an Nrf2-interacting protein. Implication for heme oxygenase-1 gene regulationQ33939961
Inhibition of CHOP translation by a peptide encoded by an open reading frame localized in the chop 5'UTRQ33948307
Double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase PKR enhances transcriptional activation by tumor suppressor p53Q33957610
Glucose limitation induces GCN4 translation by activation of Gcn2 protein kinaseQ33962759
PERK promotes cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth by limiting oxidative DNA damageQ33977034
Autophosphorylation in the activation loop is required for full kinase activity in vivo of human and yeast eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha kinases PKR and GCN2Q33996300
Translation initiation control by heme-regulated eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha kinase in erythroid cells under cytoplasmic stressesQ34012817
PERK (EIF2AK3) regulates proinsulin trafficking and quality control in the secretory pathwayQ34024253
Unactivated PKR exists in an open conformation capable of binding nucleotidesQ34034965
Impaired tissue growth is mediated by checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) in the integrated stress responseQ34072906
Heterologous dimerization domains functionally substitute for the double-stranded RNA binding domains of the kinase PKR.Q34080544
Inactivation of the PKR protein kinase and stimulation of mRNA translation by the cellular co-chaperone P58(IPK) does not require J domain functionQ34122632
Multiple autophosphorylation is essential for the formation of the active and stable homodimer of heme-regulated eIF2alpha kinaseQ28509936
Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase links pathogen sensing with stress and metabolic homeostasisQ28510028
The GCN2 kinase biases feeding behavior to maintain amino acid homeostasis in omnivoresQ28511717
Feedback inhibition of the unfolded protein response by GADD34-mediated dephosphorylation of eIF2alphaQ28512201
Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase is required for the LPS-induced activation of STAT1 inflammatory signaling in rat brain glial cellsQ28566143
Gadd153 sensitizes cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress by down-regulating Bcl2 and perturbing the cellular redox stateQ28572472
Antiviral effect of the mammalian translation initiation factor 2alpha kinase GCN2 against RNA virusesQ28586515
Role of ERO1-alpha-mediated stimulation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor activity in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosisQ28586997
ER stress disrupts Ca2+-signaling complexes and Ca2+ regulation in secretory and muscle cells from PERK-knockout miceQ28587474
The function of heme-regulated eIF2alpha kinase in murine iron homeostasis and macrophage maturationQ28592020
PERK and GCN2 contribute to eIF2alpha phosphorylation and cell cycle arrest after activation of the unfolded protein response pathwayQ28592902
Heme-regulated eIF2alpha kinase modifies the phenotypic severity of murine models of erythropoietic protoporphyria and beta-thalassemiaQ28592905
Diabetes mellitus and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction in perk-/- mice reveals a role for translational control in secretory cell survivalQ28593963
The mechanism of eukaryotic translation initiation and principles of its regulationQ29547270
Dynamic interaction of BiP and ER stress transducers in the unfolded-protein responseQ29547299
An integrated stress response regulates amino acid metabolism and resistance to oxidative stressQ29547441
Activators and target genes of Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factorsQ29547882
A global map of p53 transcription-factor binding sites in the human genomeQ29614400
RNA-binding proteins TIA-1 and TIAR link the phosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha to the assembly of mammalian stress granulesQ29615265
Translational regulation of GCN4 and the general amino acid control of yeastQ29615275
Mediators of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosisQ29615496
Translational control in stress and apoptosisQ29615497
IRE1 signaling affects cell fate during the unfolded protein responseQ29615502
ER stress triggers apoptosis by activating BH3-only protein BimQ29617730
Deficient signaling in mice devoid of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinaseQ29620280
An RNA-dependent protein kinase is involved in tunicamycin-induced apoptosis and Alzheimer's diseaseQ31041277
Different effect of proteasome inhibition on vesicular stomatitis virus and poliovirus replicationQ33326624
The unfolded protein response protects human tumor cells during hypoxia through regulation of the autophagy genes MAP1LC3B and ATG5.Q33559643
Regulation of G(1) arrest and apoptosis in hypoxia by PERK and GCN2-mediated eIF2alpha phosphorylationQ33588288
Differential regulation of CHOP translation by phosphorylated eIF4E under stress conditionsQ33633701
Mechanisms of ER Stress-Mediated Mitochondrial Membrane PermeabilizationQ33651806
Calcineurin interacts with PERK and dephosphorylates calnexin to relieve ER stress in mammals and frogsQ33654233
IRE1α Disruption Causes Histological Abnormality of Exocrine Tissues, Increase of Blood Glucose Level, and Decrease of Serum Immunoglobulin LevelQ33707431
PKR and GCN2 kinases and guanine nucleotide exchange factor eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) recognize overlapping surfaces on eIF2alphaQ33724522
Hepatic heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha kinase: a protagonist of heme-mediated translational control of CYP2B enzymes and a modulator of basal endoplasmic reticulum stress toneQ33754847
Inhibition of RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) leads to cancer cell death and increases chemosensitivityQ33787696
The murine double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR is required for resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus.Q33811639
Modulation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha-subunit kinase PERK by tyrosine phosphorylationQ40052972
The eIF2alpha kinases PERK and PKR activate glycogen synthase kinase 3 to promote the proteasomal degradation of p53.Q40085524
Ribosomal stress couples the unfolded protein response to p53-dependent cell cycle arrestQ40246328
Regulation of c-myc expression by IFN-gamma through Stat1-dependent and -independent pathways.Q40386886
A dynamically tuned double-stranded RNA binding mechanism for the activation of antiviral kinase PKR.Q40430436
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7 protein physically associates with the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR.Q40430862
Critical role of endogenous Akt/IAPs and MEK1/ERK pathways in counteracting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell deathQ40520566
Defects in translational regulation mediated by the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 inhibit antiviral activity and facilitate the malignant transformation of human fibroblastsQ40589545
Thalassemia: pathophysiology of red cell changesQ40759623
Essential role for the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase PKR in innate immunity to viral infectionQ40863327
Human breast cancer cells contain elevated levels and activity of the protein kinase, PKR.Q40871190
JNK2 and IKKbeta are required for activating the innate response to viral infectionQ40907787
The GCN2-ATF4 pathway is critical for tumour cell survival and proliferation in response to nutrient deprivation.Q41465002
Haem-regulated eIF2alpha kinase is necessary for adaptive gene expression in erythroid precursors under the stress of iron deficiency.Q41516680
Phosphorylation of eIF2 directs ATF5 translational control in response to diverse stress conditionsQ42523594
PACT, a stress-modulated cellular activator of interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, PKR.Q42796205
Phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 mediates apoptosis in response to activation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinaseQ42833009
PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) activation following brain ischemia is independent of unfolded nascent proteinsQ43032260
PKR is not a universal target of tumor suppressor p53 in response to genotoxic stressQ43259476
Ceramide regulates protein synthesis by a novel mechanism involving the cellular PKR activator RAX.Q43517016
Brain ischemia and reperfusion activates the eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha kinase, PERK.Q43627961
Adenoviral transfer of the melanoma differentiation-associated gene 7 (mda7) induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells via up-regulation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR).Q43961098
Serine 577 is phosphorylated and negatively affects the tRNA binding and eIF2alpha kinase activities of GCN2.Q44031815
Dimerization is required for activation of eIF2 kinase Gcn2 in response to diverse environmental stress conditionsQ44792904
Preservation of liver protein synthesis during dietary leucine deprivation occurs at the expense of skeletal muscle mass in mice deleted for eIF2 kinase GCN2.Q44948914
Mechanisms of ferriheme reduction by nitric oxide: nitrite and general base catalysisQ45265438
The eIF2alpha kinases inhibit vesicular stomatitis virus replication independently of eIF2alpha phosphorylationQ45392345
Uncharged tRNA and sensing of amino acid deficiency in mammalian piriform cortex.Q46386380
Activation of PKR: an open and shut case?Q36695833
Activating transcription factor 4.Q36805075
Chemical genetics identify eIF2α kinase heme-regulated inhibitor as an anticancer targetQ36934029
Dual function of pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase in tumor cell growth arrest and survival.Q36983432
NF-kappaB and cancer-identifying targets and mechanismsQ36984251
The Gcn2 kinase as a cell cycle regulatorQ36995007
Ero1 and redox homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum.Q37055746
Akt determines cell fate through inhibition of the PERK-eIF2α phosphorylation pathwayQ37119471
Analysis of PKR structure by small-angle scatteringQ37144662
PKR, a p53 target gene, plays a crucial role in the tumor-suppressor function of p53Q37194715
An essential role for the interferon-inducible, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR in the tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis in U937 cellsQ37241099
Domain stabilities in protein kinase R (PKR): evidence for weak interdomain interactionsQ37312236
Hepatic CYP3A suppression by high concentrations of proteasomal inhibitors: a consequence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction, activation of RNA-dependent protein kinase-like ER-bound eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha)-kinaseQ37314375
Translation attenuation through eIF2alpha phosphorylation prevents oxidative stress and maintains the differentiated state in beta cellsQ37343526
RNA dimerization promotes PKR dimerization and activationQ37389973
Oxidative folding: cellular strategies for dealing with the resultant equimolar production of reactive oxygen speciesQ37401266
5' untranslated sequences are required for the translational control of a yeast regulatory geneQ37563115
Evidence for translational regulation of the activator of general amino acid control in yeastQ37573526
Targeting the endoplasmic reticulum-stress response as an anticancer strategyQ37616303
Abrogation of translation initiation factor eIF-2 phosphorylation causes malignant transformation of NIH 3T3 cellsQ37621199
Translational repression mediates activation of nuclear factor kappa B by phosphorylated translation initiation factor 2Q37622629
PI(3)king apart PTEN's role in cancer.Q37771785
RNA granules: the good, the bad and the uglyQ37784866
PERK in beta cell biology and insulin biogenesisQ37789918
Stress hypERactivation in the β-cellQ37811730
Stress-induced phosphorylation of PACT reduces its interaction with TRBP and leads to PKR activationQ38335635
Regulation of autophagy by ATF4 in response to severe hypoxia.Q38343634
Mechanism of activation of the double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR: role of dimerization and cellular localization in the stimulation of PKR phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF2).Q39417308
Induction of apoptosis by double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) involves the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 and NF-kappaB.Q39446101
Deficiency of heme-regulated eIF2alpha kinase decreases hepcidin expression and splenic iron in HFE-/- miceQ39709129
Phosphorylation of eIF2alpha in response to 26S proteasome inhibition is mediated by the haem-regulated inhibitor (HRI) kinase.Q39709983
Stress-induced gene expression requires programmed recovery from translational repressionQ39735685
Essential role of PACT-mediated PKR activation in tunicamycin-induced apoptosisQ39745125
Tumor suppression by PTEN requires the activation of the PKR-eIF2alpha phosphorylation pathwayQ39759975
Regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death by ATF4 in neuroectodermal tumor cellsQ39761314
An upstream open reading frame regulates translation of GADD34 during cellular stresses that induce eIF2alpha phosphorylationQ39897560
Amino acid limitation regulates the expression of genes involved in several specific biological processes through GCN2-dependent and GCN2-independent pathwaysQ39899171
P433issue19
P304page(s)3493-3511
P577publication date2013-01-26
P1433published inCellular and Molecular Life SciencesQ5058352
P1476titleThe eIF2α kinases: their structures and functions
P478volume70

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Q28548490Embryonic Stem Cell Growth Factors Regulate eIF2α Phosphorylation
Q39441238Emerging Role of the Unfolded Protein Response in Tumor Immunosurveillance.
Q26827965Emerging functions of the unfolded protein response in immunity
Q38298151Emerging roles of tRNA in adaptive translation, signalling dynamics and disease
Q39094240Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein Quality Control Failure in Myelin Disorders
Q38925531Endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis in hepatic steatosis.
Q90604542Endorepellin evokes an angiostatic stress signaling cascade in endothelial cells
Q38501220Enhancement of osteoblastogenesis and suppression of osteoclastogenesis by inhibition of de-phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha
Q34527000Enterovirus 71 induces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation that is required for efficient replication
Q97540028Environmental enrichment during forced abstinence from cocaine self-administration opposes gene network expression changes associated with the incubation effect
Q97521963Evidence That Phosphorylation of the α-Subunit of eIF2 Does Not Essentially Inhibit mRNA Translation in Wheat Germ Cell-Free System
Q35113639Evidence for multiple, distinct ADAR-containing complexes in Xenopus laevis
Q40247985Expression, purification, and crystallization of Schizosaccharomyces pombe eIF2B.
Q39393398Fine-tuning PERK signaling for neuroprotection.
Q60927723Focus on Translation Initiation of the HIV-1 mRNAs
Q92932318Foie gras and liver regeneration: a fat dilemma
Q45324396Foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid protein VP2 activates the cellular EIF2S1-ATF4 pathway and induces autophagy via HSPB1.
Q34215234Fucoidan induces cancer cell apoptosis by modulating the endoplasmic reticulum stress cascades
Q54114870Functions and Signaling Pathways of Amino Acids in Intestinal Inflammation.
Q39110425G-rich DNA-induced stress response blocks type-I-IFN but not CXCL10 secretion in monocytes
Q33720257GCN2 phosphorylates HIV-1 integrase and decreases HIV-1 replication by limiting viral integration.
Q45926902GCN2- and eIF2α-phosphorylation-independent, but ATF4-dependent, induction of CARE-containing genes in methionine-deficient cells.
Q37625365GCN2-like eIF2α kinase manages the amino acid starvation response in Toxoplasma gondii
Q28254667GRP78/BiP/HSPA5/Dna K is a universal therapeutic target for human disease
Q36830763GRP78/Dna K Is a Target for Nexavar/Stivarga/Votrient in the Treatment of Human Malignancies, Viral Infections and Bacterial Diseases
Q42427957General Control Nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) Kinase Inhibits Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 in Response to Amino Acid Starvation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Q39457267Glutamatergic stimulation induces GluN2B translation by the nitric oxide-Heme-Regulated eIF2α kinase in cortical neurons.
Q42364281Glutaminase is essential for the growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells with a deregulated glutamine metabolism pathway and its suppression synergizes with mTOR inhibition
Q47414816HIV-1 NC-induced stress granule assembly and translation arrest are inhibited by the dsRNA binding protein Staufen1.
Q36689566Harnessing the integrated stress response for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
Q41630569Hepatocellular autophagy modulates the unfolded protein response and fasting-induced steatosis in mice.
Q31123604Hippocampal gene expression meta-analysis identifies aging and age-associated spatial learning impairment (ASLI) genes and pathways
Q61812432Hydrogen Indirectly Suppresses Increases in Hydrogen Peroxide in Cytoplasmic Hydroxyl Radical-Induced Cells and Suppresses Cellular Senescence
Q41934210Hypothalamic eIF2α signaling regulates food intake
Q34679101IMPACT is a GCN2 inhibitor that limits lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Q28594198IMPACT is a developmentally regulated protein in neurons that opposes the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α kinase GCN2 in the modulation of neurite outgrowth
Q51732698Identification of di-substituted ureas that prevent growth of trypanosomes through inhibition of translation initiation.
Q92445240Impact and Relevance of the Unfolded Protein Response in HNSCC
Q47596329Impairment of protein degradation and proteasome function in hereditary neuropathies.
Q50463159Importance of eIF2α phosphorylation as a protective mechanism against heat stress in mouse male germ cells.
Q59333146Imprinted and ancient gene: a potential mediator of cancer cell survival during tryptophan deprivation
Q57174327In vivo imaging of the spatiotemporal activity of the eIF2 -ATF4 signaling pathway: Insights into stress and related disorders
Q36485185Inadequate fine-tuning of protein synthesis and failure of amino acid homeostasis following inhibition of the ATPase VCP/p97
Q36186464Increased ubiquitination and reduced plasma membrane trafficking of placental amino acid transporter SNAT-2 in human IUGR.
Q41293411Inhibition of the integrated stress response reverses cognitive deficits after traumatic brain injury
Q55262733Integrated Stress Responses to Bacterial Pathogenesis Patterns.
Q47104587Intestinal Epithelial Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis: An Update Review
Q38771285Intra-axonal protein synthesis in development and beyond
Q41128127Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens Trigger the Formation of U Small Nuclear RNA Bodies (U Bodies) through Metabolic Stress Induction
Q45183417KSHV inhibits stress granule formation by viral ORF57 blocking PKR activation
Q43476509Kinases of eIF2a Switch Translation of mRNA Subset during Neuronal Plasticity
Q90414581Leishmania donovani induced Unfolded Protein Response delays host cell apoptosis in PERK dependent manner
Q37142401Leucine pulses enhance skeletal muscle protein synthesis during continuous feeding in neonatal pigs
Q49046809Limited Unfolded Protein Response and Inflammation in Neuroserpinopathy
Q26783555MYC, Metabolism, and Cancer
Q26795779Macrophage Expression of Inflammatory Genes in Response to EMCV Infection
Q90192287Mechanical Forces and Their Effect on the Ribosome and Protein Translation Machinery
Q89823740Mechanical Regulation of Protein Translation in the Cardiovascular System
Q35636275Mechanism of cytoplasmic mRNA translation
Q26995280Mechanisms and models of endoplasmic reticulum stress in chondrodysplasia
Q48685286Melatonin reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress and preserves sirtuin 1 expression in neuronal cells of newborn rats after hypoxia-ischemia
Q90741828Meta-analysis of blood genome-wide expression profiling studies in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Q26777647Metabolic Enzymes Enjoying New Partnerships as RNA-Binding Proteins
Q26799891Mitochondria Retrograde Signaling and the UPR mt: Where Are We in Mammals?
Q47827839Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor 1 (mdivi-1) Protects Neurons against Excitotoxicity through the Modulation of Mitochondrial Function and Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling.
Q36650395Mitochondrial Sulfide Quinone Oxidoreductase Prevents Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response in Hydrogen Sulfide
Q38765948Mitonuclear communication in homeostasis and stress
Q64120967Modulating the 3' end-DNA and the fermentation process for enhanced production and biological activity of porcine interferon-gamma
Q26770085Molecular Mechanisms of White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection and Perspectives on Treatments
Q54121396Molecular evolution and functional divergence of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinases.
Q38866763Molecular mechanisms of mTOR regulation by stress
Q35751132Monitoring activation of the antiviral pattern recognition receptors RIG-I and PKR by limited protease digestion and native PAGE.
Q48215735NDRG2 contributes to cisplatin sensitivity through modulation of BAK-to-Mcl-1 ratio.
Q90287011NF-κB Activation Promotes Alphavirus Replication in Mature Neurons
Q58805802Nakai Has Synergetic Effects on Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis
Q26770670Naïve T Cell Homeostasis Regulated by Stress Responses and TCR Signaling
Q58797101Neuronal Mitochondrial Dysfunction Activates the Integrated Stress Response to Induce Fibroblast Growth Factor 21
Q61448849Normal Ribosomal Biogenesis but Shortened Protein Synthetic Response to Acute Eccentric Resistance Exercise in Old Skeletal Muscle
Q36964927Nutrient shortage triggers the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway via the GCN2-ATF4 signalling pathway.
Q53688940ONC201 kills breast cancer cells in vitro by targeting mitochondria.
Q38736720ONC201: Stressing tumors to death
Q36808317OSU-03012 and Viagra Treatment Inhibits the Activity of Multiple Chaperone Proteins and Disrupts the Blood-Brain Barrier: Implications for Anti-Cancer Therapies
Q47217421Oncogenic KRAS Regulates Amino Acid Homeostasis and Asparagine Biosynthesis via ATF4 and Alters Sensitivity to L-Asparaginase
Q47130450Oncogenic p95HER2/611CTF primes human breast epithelial cells for metabolic stress-induced down-regulation of FLIP and activation of TRAIL-R/Caspase-8-dependent apoptosis.
Q54308363Overexpression of eukaryotic initiation factor 5 rescues the translational defect of tpk1w in a manner that necessitates a novel phosphorylation site.
Q37482581Oxyphenisatin acetate (NSC 59687) triggers a cell starvation response leading to autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autocrine TNFα-mediated apoptosis
Q92494250Oxytocin Suppresses Inflammatory Responses Induced by Lipopolysaccharide through Inhibition of the eIF-2-ATF4 Pathway in Mouse Microglia
Q34024468PERK mediates eIF2α phosphorylation responsible for BACE1 elevation, CREB dysfunction and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Q35944970PKR Transduces MDA5-Dependent Signals for Type I IFN Induction
Q91973677PKZ, a Fish-Unique eIF2α Kinase Involved in Innate Immune Response
Q48247015Pathophysiology and treatment of patients with beta-thalassemia - an update.
Q42212169Pathway analysis of cervical cancer genome-wide association study highlights the MHC region and pathways involved in response to infection
Q35180234Pharmaceutical integrated stress response enhancement protects oligodendrocytes and provides a potential multiple sclerosis therapeutic
Q90288795Pharmacological modulation of nucleic acid sensors - therapeutic potential and persisting obstacles
Q37538574Phosphorylation of Translation Initiation Factor 2-Alpha in Leishmania donovani under Stress Is Necessary for Parasite Survival
Q58599917Phosphorylation of eIF2α promotes cell survival in response to benzo[a]pyrene exposure
Q27937914Phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF2 in response to stress conditions is mediated by acidic ribosomal P1/P2 proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Q90705902Phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2α at Ser51 depends on site- and context-specific information
Q38823597Physiological and pathophysiological role of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
Q33863389Physiology of iron metabolism
Q93086685Pituitary cell translation and secretory capacities are enhanced cell autonomously by the transcription factor Creb3l2
Q38214041Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in innate immunity.
Q35549258Potential role for snoRNAs in PKR activation during metabolic stress
Q90020506Prematurity blunts the feeding-induced stimulation of translation initiation signaling and protein synthesis in muscle of neonatal piglets
Q34405587Protein Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation in the Archaea
Q38819666Protein kinase R(PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) inhibitors: a patent review (2010-2015).
Q26801543Protein kinase R-like ER kinase and its role in endoplasmic reticulum stress-decided cell fate
Q36900071Proteome and Protein Network Analyses of Memory T Cells Find Altered Translation and Cell Stress Signaling in Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients Exhibiting Poor CD4 Recovery.
Q36769101Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Current Perspective on Established and Emerging Molecular Genetic Defects
Q26795562Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis: a focus on the EIF2AK4 mutation in onset and pathogenesis
Q36810786Pulsatile delivery of a leucine supplement during long-term continuous enteral feeding enhances lean growth in term neonatal pigs
Q91173398RITA requires eIF2α-dependent modulation of mRNA translation for its anti-cancer activity
Q93210279RNA Recognition-like Motifs Activate a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
Q38171458RNA in development: how ribonucleoprotein granules regulate the life cycles of pathogenic protozoa
Q93089064RNAs and RNA-Binding Proteins in Immuno-Metabolic Homeostasis and Diseases
Q40357011Re-examination of Dietary Amino Acid Sensing Reveals a GCN2-Independent Mechanism
Q37058610Reduced protein synthesis in schizophrenia patient-derived olfactory cells
Q36157810Reducing Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 Expression Improves Spatial Memory and Synaptic Plasticity in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Q42494301Regulating the expression of therapeutic transgenes by controlled intake of dietary essential amino acids
Q38685455Regulation of Translation by TOR, eIF4E and eIF2α in Plants: Current Knowledge, Challenges and Future Perspectives
Q41823803Residues required for phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2α under diverse stress conditions are divergent between yeast and human
Q100166039Response of EIF2AK1 (HRI) to heme deficiency
Q100166036Response of EIF2AK4 (GCN2) to amino acid deficiency
Q38756727Response of Three Different Viruses to Interferon Priming and Dithiothreitol Treatment of Avian Cells.
Q35212492Retroviral vectors elevate coexpressed protein levels in trans through cap-dependent translation
Q34979422Reversible and rapid transfer-RNA deactivation as a mechanism of translational repression in stress.
Q38445441Rheb Inhibits Protein Synthesis by Activating the PERK-eIF2α Signaling Cascade
Q36930792Role of GCN2-Independent Signaling Through a Noncanonical PERK/NRF2 Pathway in the Physiological Responses to Dietary Methionine Restriction.
Q27024299Role of HRI in apoptosis resistance
Q39041928Roles of PKR in differentiation and apoptosis of bone-related cells
Q37718976Roles of eIF2α kinases in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
Q49868718SIRT1 protects the heart from ER stress-induced cell death through eIF2α deacetylation
Q35675772Saccharomyces cerevisiae Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1A (eEF1A) Is Methylated at Lys-390 by a METTL21-Like Methyltransferase
Q58598588Selective Editing of HSV-1 Enables IFN Induction and Viral Replication That Destruct Malignant Cells
Q49596452Sensing and signaling mechanisms linking dietary methionine restriction to the behavioral and physiological components of the response
Q38818265Short Chemical Ischemia Triggers Phosphorylation of eIF2α and Death of SH-SY5Y Cells but not Proteasome Stress and Heat Shock Protein Response in both SH-SY5Y and T98G Cells
Q35796921Signaling through alternative Integrated Stress Response pathways compensates for GCN2 loss in a mouse model of soft tissue sarcoma
Q38820303Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, induces formation of stress granules in hepatocarcinoma cells.
Q56529591Ssd1 and Gcn2 suppress global translation efficiency in replicatively aged yeast while their activation extends lifespan
Q40438223Stress Kinase GCN2 Controls the Proliferative Fitness and Trafficking of Cytotoxic T Cells Independent of Environmental Amino Acid Sensing
Q26747461Stress Response and Translation Control in Rotavirus Infection
Q35689148Stress granules, P-bodies and cancer.
Q38720884Stress-specific differences in assembly and composition of stress granules and related foci
Q50282444Strong TCR-mediated signals suppress integrated stress responses induced by KDELR1 deficiency in naive T cells.
Q42611868Structure of SgK223 pseudokinase reveals novel mechanisms of homotypic and heterotypic association
Q46468408Structure-Activity Studies of Bis-O-Arylglycolamides: Inhibitors of the Integrated Stress Response
Q40875488Suppression of NYVAC Infection in HeLa Cells Requires RNase L but Is Independent of Protein Kinase R Activity
Q42051272Synergistic antileukemic therapies in NOTCH1-induced T-ALL.
Q35064944Targeting axonal protein synthesis in neuroregeneration and degeneration.
Q92541411The GCN2 inhibitor IMPACT contributes to diet-induced obesity and body temperature control
Q50117575The Regulation of Translation in Alphavirus-Infected Cells.
Q36301254The Regulatory and Kinase Domains but Not the Interdomain Linker Determine Human Double-stranded RNA-activated Kinase (PKR) Sensitivity to Inhibition by Viral Non-coding RNAs
Q36862843The amino acid sensor GCN2 controls gut inflammation by inhibiting inflammasome activation
Q51170783The eIF2-alpha kinase HRI is a novel therapeutic target in multiple myeloma.
Q47611637The eIF2-alpha kinase HRI: a potential target beyond the red blood cell
Q41664311The eIF2A knockout mouse
Q38201042The essential biology of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response for structural and computational biologists.
Q26750763The expanding universe of ribonucleoproteins: of novel RNA-binding proteins and unconventional interactions
Q39090716The genetics of isoflurane-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
Q49309709The integrated stress response in hypoxia-induced diffuse white matter injury
Q38954583The integrated stress response.
Q89926078The kinase PERK represses translation of the G-protein-coupled receptor LGR5 and receptor tyrosine kinase ERBB3 during ER stress in cancer cells
Q29144900The novel lysine specific methyltransferase METTL21B affects mRNA translation through inducible and dynamic methylation of Lys-165 in human eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A)
Q37842253The role of endoplasmic reticulum-related BiP/GRP78 in interferon gamma-induced persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae infection
Q38981518The role of the p53 protein in nitrosative stress-induced apoptosis of PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells
Q28834524The small molecule '1-(4-biphenylylcarbonyl)-4-(5-bromo-2-methoxybenzyl) piperazine oxalate' and its derivatives regulate global protein synthesis by inactivating eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha
Q93205353The switch-like expression of Heme-regulated kinase 1 mediates neuronal proteostasis following proteasome inhibition
Q42708314The transcription factor CHOP, an effector of the integrated stress response, is required for host sensitivity to the fungal intracellular pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum
Q36113399The transcriptional and splicing landscape of intestinal organoids undergoing nutrient starvation or endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Q26799511The unfolded protein response in neurodegenerative diseases: a neuropathological perspective
Q26852080The unfolded protein response in retinal vascular diseases: implications and therapeutic potential beyond protein folding
Q50006995Trans-acting translational regulatory RNA binding proteins
Q34425391Transcriptional and epigenetic substrates of methamphetamine addiction and withdrawal: evidence from a long-access self-administration model in the rat.
Q37741390Transgenic mouse model for imaging of ATF4 translational activation-related cellular stress responses in vivo
Q64244241Translating the Hypoxic Response-the Role of HIF Protein Translation in the Cellular Response to Low Oxygen
Q52593667Translation and Translational Control in Dinoflagellates.
Q47753919Translational Control in the Latency of Apicomplexan Parasites
Q92162430Translational Regulation by Upstream Open Reading Frames and Human Diseases
Q36054263Translational Repression Protects Human Keratinocytes from UVB-Induced Apoptosis through a Discordant eIF2 Kinase Stress Response
Q89115530Translational regulation is a key determinant of the cellular response to benzo[a]pyrene
Q94512213Treatment of cancer cells with Lapatinib negatively regulates general translation and induces stress granules formation
Q35122358UPR, autophagy, and mitochondria crosstalk underlies the ER stress response
Q99241248Understanding the roles of stress granule during chemotherapy for patients with malignant tumors
Q37709545Upregulation of capacity for glutathione synthesis in response to amino acid deprivation: regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase subunits.
Q36694043Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1.
Q37327483Vinca alkaloid drugs promote stress-induced translational repression and stress granule formation
Q36300688Waterpipe smoking induces epigenetic changes in the small airway epithelium.
Q33843219dsRNA Binding Domain of PKR Is Proteolytically Released by Enterovirus A71 to Facilitate Viral Replication.
Q37369248eIF2α phosphorylation controls thermal nociception
Q47557785eIF2α phosphorylation is pathognomonic for immunogenic cell death
Q52602508eIF2β, a subunit of translation-initiation factor EIF2, is a potential therapeutic target for non-small cell lung cancer.
Q100305048eIF5B drives integrated stress response-dependent translation of PD-L1 in lung cancer
Q36189835mRNP granules. Assembly, function, and connections with disease
Q26824181tRNA fragments in human health and disease

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